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  • Cambridge University Press  (29)
  • Cambridge University Press (CUP)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • 1985-1989  (35)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Model Builders and Instrument Makers (1988)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Science in context 2 (1988), S. 59-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0269-8897
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: History , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The ArgumentMany inventors, engineers, and scientists think in verbal images. Elmer Sperry (1860–1930), a noted American inventor, was able to “operate” in his mind's eye the machines he was developing. For inventors, engineers, and experimental scientists, visualization is often followed by construction of a physical model of the invention, which can be an experimental apparatus. The model, or apparatus, is then tested in increasingly complex environments and changes are made in the physical artifact until it is ready to be used. Examples of this process of development are Sperry's development of a ship stabilizer for the U.S. Navy and a revolving mirror to be used by Albert Michelson in the determination of the speed of light. Thomas Edison called experimentation his development of an invention through the building and testing of a series of models. So, both scientists and inventors experiment. They are not discovering the “secrets of nature”: they are observing how artifacts – their physical creations – behave. These physical models of thought reflect the characteristics of the tools with which they were made. They are socially constructed, as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0269889700000491
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alfred Russel Wallace; some notes on the Welsh connection (1989)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 22 (1989), S. 401-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0007-0874
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: History , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Wallace became a full-time naturalist in 1848, the year when he and Bates set out on their journey to South America. Wallace was twenty-five at the time and over half of his life had been spent in various parts of Wales, the land of his birth. Commentators have tended to gloss over or ignore any formative influences from this early period of his life or even to dismiss them as non-existent. This is surprising as it was during the eight or so years in Wales leading up to 1848 that Wallace's interest in natural history emerged. ‘The importance of this early period in Wallace's life can scarcely be over-emphasized’ wrote Durant in his account of the development of the Wallace personality, but he omitted any specific reference to the significance of the early period in Wales. Those seeking a simple unitary cause for Wallace's conversion to natural history usually locate this in his visit to Leicester in 1844 and his meeting there with H. W. Bates. ‘The odyssey began ... in 1844, in Leicester’ wrote Brooks, adding that ‘the more remote parts of ... southern Wales had offered little reading material...’ This, and similar claims, are presumably founded primarily on Wallace's belief—expressed sixty years later—that it was at Leicester that he first familiarized himself with Malthus' Essay on the Principles of Population and Humboldt's Personal Narrative of Travels in South America. There is, however, evidence that Wallace was probably familiar with at least one of these books some time before his visit to Leicester and that it was during his period in southern Wales that his interest in natural history emerged and developed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007087400026352
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  • 3
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    Genetic relatedness in colonies of tropical wasps with multiple queens (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-11-25
    Description: The evolution of worker behavior in the social insects is usually explained by kin selection: although workers do not produce offspring, they do reproduce their genes by aiding the reproduction of relatives. The most difficult case for kin selection theory would be species in which workers are fully capable of reproducing but instead opt to rear brood of low relatedness. These conditions are perhaps best fulfilled by the swarm-founding wasps because they have little caste differentiation and their colonies usually have multiple queens, which should lower relatedness. Estimates of within-colony relatedness for three species in this group confirm that it is sometimes (but not always) very low. Inbreeding is negligible in these species, so the hypothesis that inbreeding may raise relatedness is not supported. The maintenance of worker behavior in such species is a significant challenge for kin selection theory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Queller, D C -- Strassmann, J E -- Hughes, C R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Nov 25;242(4882):1155-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17799732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    The neuron-specific protein PGP 9.5 is a ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-11-03
    Description: A complementary DNA (cDNA) for ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L3 was cloned from human B cells. The cDNA encodes a protein of 230 amino acids with a molecular mass of 26.182 daltons. The human protein is very similar to the bovine homolog, with only three amino acids differing in over 100 residues compared. The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA was 54% identical to that of the neuron-specific protein PGP 9.5. Purification of bovine PGP 9.5 confirmed that it is also a ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase. These results suggest that a family of such related proteins exists and that their expression is tissue-specific.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilkinson, K D -- Lee, K M -- Deshpande, S -- Duerksen-Hughes, P -- Boss, J M -- Pohl, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Nov 3;246(4930):670-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2530630" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/enzymology ; Base Sequence ; Cattle ; DNA/genetics ; Humans ; Isoenzymes/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neuropeptides/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Thiolester Hydrolases/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Ubiquitin Thiolesterase
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Optical image quality and the cone mosaic (1986)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-01-31
    Description: Contrary to the orthodox view that optical image quality should "match" the photoreceptor grain, anatomical data from the eyes of various animals suggest that the image quality is significantly superior to the potential resolution of the cone mosaic in most retinal regions. A new theory is presented to explain the existence of this relation and to better appreciate eye design. It predicts that photoreceptors are potentially visible through the natural optics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Snyder, A W -- Bossomaier, T R -- Hughes, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Jan 31;231(4737):499-501.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3941914" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cats ; Humans ; Models, Neurological ; Photoreceptor Cells/*anatomy & histology ; Rats ; Snakes ; Species Specificity ; *Vision, Ocular ; *Visual Perception
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    The gene for familial polyposis coli maps to the long arm of chromosome 5 (1987)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-12-04
    Description: The inherited genetic defect in adenomatous polyposis has been localized to a small region on the long arm of chromosome 5. Sixteen DNA marker loci were used to construct a linkage map of the chromosome. When five kindreds segregating a gene for adenomatous polyposis coli were characterized with a number of the markers, significant linkage was found between one marker and the disease gene. Linkage analysis determined the location of the defective gene within a primary genetic map of chromosome 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leppert, M -- Dobbs, M -- Scambler, P -- O'Connell, P -- Nakamura, Y -- Stauffer, D -- Woodward, S -- Burt, R -- Hughes, J -- Gardner, E -- CA40641/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1987 Dec 4;238(4832):1411-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City 84132.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3479843" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chromosome Mapping ; *Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 ; Colonic Polyps/*genetics ; Female ; Gardner Syndrome/genetics ; *Genes ; Genetic Markers ; Humans ; Lod Score ; Male ; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Point mutations in the human vitamin D receptor gene associated with hypocalcemic rickets (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-12-23
    Description: Hypocalcemic vitamin D-resistant rickets is a human genetic disease resulting from target organ resistance to the action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Two families with affected children homozygous for this autosomal recessive disorder were studied for abnormalities in the intracellular vitamin D receptor (VDR) and its gene. Although the receptor displays normal binding of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 hormone, VDR from affected family members has a decreased affinity for DNA. Genomic DNA isolated from these families was subjected to oligonucleotide-primed DNA amplification, and each of the nine exons encoding the receptor protein was sequenced for a genetic mutation. In each family, a different single nucleotide mutation was found in the DNA binding domain of the protein; one family near the tip of the first zinc finger (Gly----Asp) and one at the tip of the second zinc finger (Arg----Gly). The mutant residues were created in vitro by oligonucleotide directed point mutagenesis of wild-type VDR complementary DNA and this cDNA was transfected into COS-1 cells. The produced protein is biochemically indistinguishable from the receptor isolated from patients.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hughes, M R -- Malloy, P J -- Kieback, D G -- Kesterson, R A -- Pike, J W -- Feldman, D -- O'Malley, B W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Dec 23;242(4886):1702-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2849209" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Calcitriol/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Codon ; DNA/genetics/metabolism ; Exons ; Female ; Gene Amplification ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Hypocalcemia/*genetics ; Immunoblotting ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Receptors, Calcitriol ; Receptors, Steroid/*genetics/metabolism ; Rickets/*genetics ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Structure of pressinoic acid: the cyclic moiety of vasopressin (1986)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-06-06
    Description: Arginine vasopressin consists of a 20-membered, disulfide-linked macrocyclic ring system called pressinoic acid to which is attached a COOH-terminal tripeptide. The molecular conformation of pressinoic acid has been determined from single crystal x-ray diffraction data. The 20-membered macrocyclic ring, stabilized by two intramolecular hydrogen bonds, has a type I beta-bend centered on Gln4 and Asn5 and a highly distorted type II' bend centered on Phe3 and Gln4. In vasopressin the Asn5 side chain extends away from the macrocyclic ring system and hydrogen bonds to the terminal tripeptide, but in pressinoic acid the Asn5 side chain lies over the molecule and forms a strong hydrogen bond to the nitrogen of Tyr2. The absence of pressor activity in pressinoic acid may be a result of both the loss of the COOH-terminal tripeptide and the incorrect orientation of the Asn5 side chain. Whether this class of hormones has pressor or oxytocic activity is determined by the orientation of the Tyr2 side chain, that is, whether it is extended away from or over the ring system, respectively. In pressinoic acid, the Tyr2 side chain is in the expected "pressor conformation," that is, extended away from the ring system, and is stabilized through a hydrophobic interaction with the Phe3 side chain. Thus, the conformation of the pressinoic acid molecule partly explains the activity of vasopressin-like hormones.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Langs, D A -- Smith, G D -- Stezowski, J J -- Hughes, R E -- GM32812/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HL32303/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Jun 6;232(4755):1240-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3704648" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Arginine Vasopressin ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Conformation ; *Vasopressins ; X-Ray Diffraction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Global Ice-Sheet System Interlocked by Sea Level (1986)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-07-01
    Description: Denton and Hughes (1983, Quaternary Research 20, 125–144) postulated that sea level linked a global ice-sheet system with both terrestrial and grounded marine components during late Quaternary ice ages. Summer temperature changes near Northern Hemisphere melting margins initiated sea-level fluctuations that controlled marine components in both polar hemispheres. It was further proposed that variations of this ice-sheet system amplified and transmitted Milankovitch summer half-year insolation changes between 45 and 75°N into global climatic changes. New tests of this hypothesis implicate sea level as a major control of the areal extent of grounded portions of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, thus fitting the concept of a globally interlocked ice-sheet system. But recent atmospheric modeling results (Manabe and Broccoli, 1985, Journal of Geophysical Research 90, 2167–2190) suggest that factors other than areal changes of the grounded Antarctic Ice Sheet strongly influenced Southern Hemisphere climate and terminated the last ice age simultaneously in both polar hemispheres. Atmospheric carbon dioxide linked to high-latitude oceans is the most likely candidate (Shackleton and Pisias, 1985, Atmospheric carbon dioxide, orbital forcing, and climate. In “The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2: Natural Variations Archean to Present” (E. T. Sundquest and W. S. Broecker, Eds.), pp. 303–318. Geophysical Monograph 32, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.), but another potential influence was high-frequency climatic oscillations (2500 yr). It is postulated that variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide acted through an Antarctic ice shelf linked to the grounded ice sheet to produce and terminate Southern Hemisphere ice-age climate. It is further postulated that Milankovitch summer insolation combined with a warm high-frequency oscillation caused marked recession of Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet melting margins and the North Atlantic polar front about 14,000 14C yr B.P. This permitted renewed formation of North Atlantic Deep Water, which could well have controlled atmospheric carbon dioxide (W. S. Broecker, D. M. Peteet, and D. Rind, 1985, Nature (London) 315, 21–26). Combined melting and consequent sea-level rise from the three warming factors initiated irreversible collapse of the interlocked global ice-sheet system, which was at its largest but most vulnerable configuration.
    Print ISSN: 0033-5894
    Electronic ISSN: 1096-0287
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 10
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    John H. Mercer 1922–1987 (1988)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-1430
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5652
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Glaciological Society.
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