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  • Springer  (48)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (3)
  • 1995-1999  (11)
  • 1990-1994  (33)
  • 1980-1984  (7)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Cores were obtained from several tree species located both on a river floodplain and a nearby terrace. A ratio of annual tree growth on floodplains to terrace growth was developed and shown to be related to the annual river discharge. Growth ratios from the time prior to written records can therefore be used to reconstruct river discharge and infer past unrecorded flood frequency. Oak and basswood ratios yielded the best models for discharge reconstruction, whereas those of elm and birch were less useful. This method permits reconstruction of river discharge from an assemblage of growth cores obtained within a relatively small area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 26 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Drought is evaluated in terms of the magnitude and duration of the 1988 spring and summer precipitation shortfall, and according to various components of the hydrologic budget, both surface and sub-surface. The response time of some of these components is investigated, relative to the time of precipitation. Individual water users perceived a beginning and ending of the drought at different times relative to their activities. Some statistics better describe some components of a drought to some users, and better answer some questions, than do others.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 39 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The life cycle of Vairimorpha necatrix was studied by electron microscopy. Disporous development has two distinct stages: 1) diplokaryotic meronts which are actively mitotic, and 2) diplokaryotic sporonts which are distinguished by reduced ribosome density and a thickened plasmalemma. After final division of the sporont, sporoblasts form spores which are ovocylindrical and measure 4.4 ± 0.08 × 2.3 ± 0.05 μm (mean ± SE). Octosporous development results in eight haploid spores being formed in a sporophorous vesicle. The uninucleate octospores were smaller than the binucleate dispores and the exospore was thicker but less crenulate in outline. Early in octosporogony, tubules are produced from the sporont plasmalemma and electron-dense material accumulates in the episporontal space. The latter may be amorphous, vesiculated, or vacuolated in appearance and in later stages may take a stacked, lamellar form. At sporoblast formation, exospore material coats the plasmalemma and attached tubules; all inclusions in the episporontal space gradually disappear as spores are formed. These secretory products may have application to taxonomic distinction at the species level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 295-311 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In the first part of the paper we analyse dynamics of the genetic mechanisms responsible for maintaining biased sex ratios in host-parasitoid interactions. We begin by reviewing recent results relating to the maintenance of sibmating in haplo-diploid populations. We then investigate the evolutionary stable sex ratio in populations in which all or some of the females mate with their brothers. In particular, we derive a diallelic one-locus model for studying evolutionary stable sex ratios in partially sibmating haplo-diploid populations. In the second part of the paper we review the impact of sex ratio on host-parasitoid populations. We then analyse how the sex ratio strategy of one parasitoid species may affect its interaction with another parasitoid species competing for the same host. In particular we show that, although a female biased sex ratio may enhance the inherent competitiveness of one species, it may also destabilize the ecological interaction of the three species so that all become extinct.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 53 (1991), S. 805-823 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Several critical issues associated with the processing of olfactory stimuli in animals (but focusing on insects) are discussed with a view to designing a neural network which can process olfactory stimuli. This leads to the construction of a neural network that can learn and identify the quality (direction cosines) of an input vector or extract information from a sequence of correlated input vectors, where the latter corresponds to sampling a time varying olfactory stimulus (or other generically similar pattern recognition problems). The network is constructed around a discrete time content-addressable memory (CAM) module which basically satisfies the Hopfield equations with the addition of a unit time delay feedback. This modification improves the convergence properties of the network and is used to control a switch which activates the learning or template formation process when the input is “unknown”. The network dynamics are embedded within a sniff cycle which includes a larger time delay (i.e. an integert s 〈1) that is also used to control the template formation switch. In addition, this time delay is used to modify the input into the CAM module so that the more dominant of two mingling odors or an odor increasing against a background of odors is more readily identified. The performance of the network is evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations and numerical results are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 169 (1991), S. 215-230 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Differential conditioning ; Proboscis extension reflex ; Learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Here we present results obtained from 7 different series of experiments, all employing odor conditioning of proboscis extension in worker honeybees and each designed to address a particular question involving olfactory perception. The questions relate to: temporal complexity of odor cues; effects of concentration, suppression, and/or potentiation in mixture perception; acquisition and extinction rates, as well as levels of generalization associated with aliphatic compounds that have the same functional groups or same alkyl radical length; and the effects of continuous exposure to odorants in the first several days of adult life on various learning and discrimination tasks involving olfactory perception. From the data obtained in these experiments we were able to conclude the following: First, worker honeybees have a limited ability to perceive complex temporal odor-quality patterns in olfactory stimuli — they learn to associate the quality of only the last part of the stimulus with a sucrose reward. Second, we confirm that citral is qualitatively different in several perceptual contexts involving odor learning and conditioning and our results help elucidate the nature of these differences as they relate to learning, discrimination, mixture perception, and continuous exposure to particular odorants. Third, we appear to have uncovered some important perceptual differences between functional groups attached to the first as opposed to the second carbon atom of alkyl radicals. Finally, we failed to uncover any significant effects relating to continuous exposure to odorants during the first several days of a worker's adult life, despite evidence that considerable sensory development takes place during this period. Thus ontogenetic changes to the peripheral system due to environmental effects appear to leave basic perceptual systems unaltered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 180 (1997), S. 701-709 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Olfaction  ;  Odor discrimination  ; Mixture perception
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The cockroach is known to possess several morphologically distinct types of sensilla on its antenna, each of which contain a couple or a few receptor cells that respond to an array of compounds. We recorded the response of cells exclusively from one type of sensillum to evaluate the variation in the response of the cells in these sensilla to three closely related alcohols and their binary mixtures. Our results indicate that cells within the class of those responsive to aliphatic alcohols are otherwise variable in their response to particular aliphatic alcohols and not easily classifiable into subclasses. They also indicate that patterns of responses among cells are not robust with respect to concentration. Finally, a considerable level of inhibition is indicated in the response of the receptor cells to binary mixtures compared with the response to pure odorants. The data suggest that discrimination of alcohols (and other odorants of general but not special significance) by the cockroach cannot be understood simply in terms of labeled lines or linear filters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical biology 33 (1995), S. 521-556 
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Population dynamics modeling ; Evolutionarily stable strategies ; Polymorphic life histories ; Age-at-maturity ; Harvesting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We study the evolution of polymorphic life histories in anadromous semelparous salmon and the effects of harvesting. We derive dynamic phenotypic and genetic ESS models for describing the evolutionary dynamics. We show in our deterministic analysis that polymorphisms are not possible in a panmictic random mating population. Instead, genetic or behavioral polymorphisms may be observed in populations with assortative mating systems. Positive assortative mating may be supported and generated by behavioral and phenotypic traits like male mate choice, spawning ground selection by phenotype, or within-river homing-migration-distance by size. In the case of an evolutionarily stable dimorphism, the ESS is characterized by a reproductive ideal free distribution such that at an equilibrium the individuals are indifferent from the fitness point of view between the two life histories of early and late reproduction. Different strategy models - that is, phenotypic and genetic ESS models - yield identical behavioral predictions and, consequently, genetics does not seem to play an important role in the present model. An evolutionary response to increased fishing mortality is obvious and may have resource management implications. High sea fishing mortalities drive the populations toward early spawning. Thus it is possible that unselective harvesting at sea may eliminate, depending on the biological system, behavioral polymorphisms or genetic heterozygozity and drive the population to a monomorphic one. If within-river homing migration distances depend on the size of fish, unselective harvesting at sea, or selective harvesting of spawning runs in rivers, may reduce local population sizes on spawning grounds high up rivers. Finally, harvesting in a population may cause a switch in a dominant life-history strategy in a population so that anticipated sustainable yields cannot be realized in practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 53 (1982), S. 347-351 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We conducted a greenhouse study of the effects of initial seed mass on seedling characteristics in a Panamanian population of Virola surinamensis, a canopy tree in which mean seed mass of different individuals ranges from 1.34 to 4.04g. The system is of particular interest because birds preferentially eat fruits of small-seeded plants, leaving seedlings of large-seeded individuals under conditions of potentially severe sibling competition (Howe and Vande Kerckhove 1980). Effects of differences of mean seed mass between trees are explored using an analysis of variance, while effects of seed-mass variation within crops are demonstrated with a regression analysis. A two-way analysis of variance decisively shows effects of parental source and light condition on seedling height, leaf length, and dry shoot mass (all P〈0.0001). A posteriori tests show that differences in seedling characteristics reflect differences in initial seed mass, with especially strong differences apparent in shoot mass. Regression of seedling characteristics on initial seed mass shows that variation of seed size within a crop is sufficient to influence shoot mass at 15 weeks (P〈0.0001). Effects of size differences of seeds that land adjacent to each other, either under the parent or in monkey droppings, are documented with growth of pairs of seedlings in pots. Differences in shoot height and mass at 15 weeks are evident when seeds of average size differ by only 0.2 g, and dramatic differences are evident when paired seeds differ by an average of 1.5 g. Seedlings grow more when isolated than when planted with conspecifics. These experimental results offer indirect support for the hypothesis that small-seeded Virola parents secure an advantage in reproduction through differential dispersal, while large-seeded plants produce more competitive seedlings under their own crowns — an advantage most likely to be of importance when frugivores are scarce.
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