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  • Springer  (153)
  • American Physical Society  (65)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (3)
  • 2020-2022  (181)
  • 1990-1994  (40)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    α-Vertex separator is NP-hard even for 3-regular graphs (1991)
    Springer
    Computing 46 (1991), S. 343-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: PLA-folding ; vertex separation ; complexity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zwei diskrete Optimierungsprobleme beim VLSI-Design sind die Fläche eines programmierbaren logischen Arrays (PLA) zu reduzieren und einen Graphen in möglichst gleich große Teilgraphen zu zerlegen. Wir zeigen, daß eine in der Praxis oft benutzte Flächenreduktionstechnik, das Blockfolding, äquivalent ist zu dem Problem, Graphen durch Wegnahme von Knoten zu zerlegen. Es wird gezeigt, daß dieses Problem schon für 3-reguläre GraphenNP-schwer ist.
    Notes: Abstract Two discrete optimization problems arising in VLSI are to reduce the area of a programmable logic array (PLA) and to separate graphs uniformly. We show that a commonly used area reduction technique called blockfolding is equivalent to separating graphs by vertex deletion. The later problem is shown to be NP-complete even for 3-regular-graphs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02257778
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neutron scattering studies of Bi2Sr2Ca0.5Ho0.5Cu2O8+x (1991)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 85 (1991), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Neutron scattering has been employed to study the crystalline electric field (CEF) interaction at the Ho3+ site in Bi2Sr2Ca0.5Ho0.5Cu2O8+x. The observed energy spectra exhibit a large number of broad but well-resolved CEF transitions between 1.2 and 73 meV, so that we have been able to unambiguously determine all nine CEF parameters required for the average orthorhombic symmetry. The unusually large line widths of the CEF transitions are shown to be related to the modulated structure. The CEF potential is essentially governed by the charge distribution of the CuO2 planes which turns out to be very similar as in HoBa2Cu3O7-x.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01387785
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lactic acid production from enzyme-thinned corn starch usingLactobacillus amylovorus (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 27-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Bacterium ; Fermentation ; Nutrition ; Optimization ; Liquefaction ; High-substrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An alternative process for industrial lactic acid production was deveooped using a starch degrading lactic acid producing organism,Lactobacillus amylovorus B-4542. In this process, saccharification takes place during the fermentation, eliminating the need for complete hydrolysis of the starch to glucose prior to fermentation. The cost savings of this alternative are substantial since it eliminates the energy input, separate reactor tank, time, and enzyme associated with the typical pre-fermentation saccharification step. The only pre-treatment was gelatinization and enzyme-thinning of the starch to overcome viscosity problems associated with high starch concentrations and to make the starch more rapidly degradable. This fermentation process was optimized for temperature, substrate level, nitrogen source and level, mineral level, B-vitamins, volatile fatty acids, pH, and buffer source. The rate of the reaction and the final level of lactic acid obtained in the optimized liquefied starch process was similar to that obtained withL. delbrueckii B-445 using glucose as the substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575599
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    2,3,7,8-TCDD and 2,3,7,8-TCDF in blue crabs and American lobsters from the Hudson-Raritan estuary and the New York bight (1994)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 52 (1994), S. 734-741 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195496
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Depth to basement and geoid expression of the Kane Fracture Zone: A comparison (1991)
    Springer
    Marine geophysical researches 13 (1991), S. 105-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Keywords: Geoid topography ; fracture zone morphology ; satellite altimetry ; transform fault ; plate reconstructions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Geoid data from Geosat and subsatellite basement depth profiles of the Kane Fracture Zone in the central North Atlantic were used to examine the correlation between the short-wavelength geoid (λ=25–100 km) and the uncompensated basement topography. The processing technique we apply allows the stacking of geoid profiles, although each repeat cycle has an unknown long-wavelength bias. We first formed the derivative of individual profiles, stacked up to 22 repeat cycles, and then integrated the average-slope profile to reconstruct the geoid height. The stacked, filtered geoid profiles have a noise level of about 7 mm in geoid height. The subsatellite basement topography was obtained from a recent compilation of structure contours on basement along the entire length of the Kane Fracture Zone. The ratio of geoid height to topography over the Kane Fracture Zone valley decreases from about 20–25 cm km-1 over young ocean crust to 5–0 cm km-1 over ocean crust older than 140 Ma. Both geoid and basement depth of profiles were projected perpendicular to the Kane Fracture Zone, resampled at equal intervals and then cross correlated. The cross correlation shows that the short-wavelength geoid height is well correlated with the basement topography. For 33 of the 37 examined pro-files, the horizontal mismatches are 10 km or less with an average mismatch of about 5 km. This correlation is quite good considering that the average width of the Kane Fracture Zone valley at median depth is 10–15 km. The remaining four profiles either cross the transverse ridge just east of the active Kane transform zone or overlie old crust of the M-anomaly sequence. The mismatch over the transverse ridge probably is related to a crustal density anomaly. The relatively poor correlation of geoid and basement depth in profiles of ocean crust older than 130–140 Ma reflects poor basement-depth control along subsatellite tracks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286284
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phenol and its derivatives as heterotrophic substrates for microbial growth – an energetic comparison (1994)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 42 (1994), S. 446-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The growth yield coefficients of phenol as well as of chloro- and methyl-substituted derivatives and the respective phenoxyalkanoic acids have been considered in a theoretical study. The yield coefficient of phenol assimilated via the ortho pathway is at a given P/O quotient 9–23% higher than that of the meta route. Chlorine, removed by a reductive mechanism, decreases the yield figure by 10% per chlorine atom; hydrolytic mechanisms are more favourable in this respect. Methylation has a positive effect on the energetics of phenol utilization. Phenoxyacetic acid derivatives have a reduced yield per carbon atom in comparison to the respective phenol derivative. This is compensated for by higher chain lengths of the alkanoic acid moiety. The yield coefficients calculated for phenol correspond to a P/O quotient of 2–3 as compared to the experimental carbon conversion. With chlorinated derivatives, e.g. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or pentachlorophenol, the apparent gain in energy reflects a P/O〈1, indicating uncoupling effects during growth on such compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00902755
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phenol and its derivatives as heterotrophic substrates for microbial growth—An energetic comparison (1994)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 42 (1994), S. 446-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The growth yield coefficients of phenol as well as of chloro- and methyl-substituted derivatives and the respective phenoxyalkanoic acids have been considered in a theoretical study. The yield coefficient of phenol assimilated via theortho pathway is at a given P/O quotient 9–23% higher than that of themeta route. Chlorine, removed by a reductive mechanism, decreases the yield figure by 10% per chlorine atom; hydrolytic mechanisms are more favourable in this respect. Methylation has a positive effect on the energetics of phenol utilization. Phenoxyacetic acid derivatives have a reduced yield per carbon atom in comparison to the respective phenol derivative. This is compensated for by higher chain lengths of the alkanoic acid moiety. The yield coefficients calculated for phenol correspond to a P/O quotient of 2–3 as compared to the experimental carbon conversion. With chlorinated derivatives, e.g. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or pentachlorophenol, the apparent gain in energy reflects a P/O 〈 1, indicating uncoupling effects during growth on such compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00902755
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement accuracy of semiconductor LDA systems (1990)
    Springer
    Experiments in fluids 10 (1990), S. 125-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1114
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A laser Doppler anemometer with a laser diode as the light source, has several advantages: i.e., low power consumption, compactness, and low cost. In order to be fully benefitted by these favorable characteristics, the measurement uncertainty, associated with wavefront distortion in the measuring volume, should be minimized. Furthermore, proper attention should be given to system misalignment caused by external perturbations, such as thermal expansion of the diode-collimator assembly. These considerations lead to a computational procedure for optimizing the layout of the semiconductor LDA system. Calculations are based on a generalized relation for fringe non-uniformity combined with a simulation model for the anemometry system. For this purpose, the optical field of a laser diode is described satisfactorily as a product of a Gaussian and a truncated Lorentzian distribution. The influence of various design parameters is examined by means of an extensive computational study as well as experimental evaluation involving precise scanning of the measuring volume. The performance is improved by employing a small focal length collimator and a large focal length front lens. For measurement of turbulence intensities smaller than 1%, it may become necessary to collect the signals in the side scatter and to use a frequency-domain signal processor. For such an application, temperature control may also be necessary, but it should be applied to the entire diode-collimator assembly and not just to the laser diode as suggested in previous publications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215021
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relationships between relative growth rate, meristematic potential and compensatory growth of semiarid-land shrubs (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 90 (1992), S. 391-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Browsing tolerance ; Clipping ; Compensatory growth capacity ; Herbivory tolerance ; Meristematic potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Inherent relative growth rate has been suggested as a major determinant of plant species' capacity to regrow and compensate for tissues lost to herbivores. We investigated: 1) the relationship between compensatory growth capacity and relative growth rate (RGR) in six semiarid-land shrubs following removal in winter or spring of 90% of the previous year's growth, 2) the influence of loss of buds on production of new growth and 3) the relationship between meristematic potential and the capacity to produce new growth in four of the six semiarid-land shrub species. Four-year-old plants growing under field conditions were used in the study. The species with the highest inherent growth rate, sagebrush [Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle], died following the severe clipping treatments. The other five species exactly compensated for lost tissues. Inherent growth rates and compensatory growth capacity of the shrubs were not correlated. Loss of 90% of the buds on the previous year's growth did not limit production of new growth. Instead, shrubs that lost buds produced more new growth biomass than the controls. The shrub species had significantly different meristematic potential. Curlleaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.) and serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) had the greatest and least number of buds and long shoots per plant, respectively. The number of long shoots produced following bud removal was positively correlated with new growth biomass, while the percentage of long shoots produced at the basal position on twigs was negatively correlated with new growth biomass. Our results suggest that inherent growth rate is not likely to influence production of new growth following browsing when resources for growth are not limiting. In contrast, the ability of a shrub to initiate long shoot growth is likely to influence production of new growth even when resources for growth are abundant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317696
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of prostaglandin E1 administered by intravenous infusion in human subjects (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 46 (1994), S. 275-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Prostaglandin E1 ; Infusion ; pharmacokinetics ; metabolism ; volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a single-blind, randomized, two-way crossover study with 12 healthy male volunteers, 60 μg of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) or placebo was administered by intravenous infusion during a 120-min period. PGE1, 13,14-dihydro-PGE1 (PGE0) and 15-keto-PGE0 plasma concentrations were measured by a highly specific and sensitive GC-MS/MS method. Endogenous PGE1 plasma concentrations ranged between 1.2 and 1.8 pg·ml−1. Endogenous PGE0 and 15-keto-PGE0 plasma concentrations varied from 0.8 to 1.3 pg·ml−1 and from 4.2 to 6.0 pg/ml respectively. During intravenous infusion of PGE1, plasma PGE1 concentrations rose to a level twice as high as during the placebo infusion. In contrast, PGE0 plasma concentrations were 8 times higher during PGE1 infusion than during placebo infusion, and 15-keto-PGE0 plasma concentrations were 20 times higher. The new analytical method has thus been useful to describe the pharmacokinetics of PGE1 and its metabolites PGE0 and 15-keto-PGE0, during and after intravenous infusion of PGE1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192562
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