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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 5446-5448 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The soft magnetic properties of polycrystalline NiFeCo films have been investigated in the thickness range of 20–2400 A(ring). The films were deposited by dc magnetron sputtering, at 5 A(ring)/s, from a Ni66Fe16Co18 high purity target, and under an applied magnetic field of 85 Oe. The effects of deposition pressure on the film crystal structure and magnetic properties have been investigated via x-ray diffraction and magnetic measurements. Both easy and hard axis coercivity values decrease significantly as the deposition pressure was changed from 7 to 3 mTorr, with the corresponding effects observed in the magnetoresistance and anisotropy field values, respectively. The magnetic data at 3 mTorr showed a nonlinear behavior at thicknesses below 1000 A(ring), while at 7 mTorr the nonlinearity is present in both the low and high end thicknesses. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 5584-5586 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report giant magnetoresistance in annealed NiFeCo (2 nm)/Ag (3.3 nm) multilayers. For all samples, post-deposition annealing was necessary for the observation of GMR analogous to the NiFe/Ag discontinuous multilayer system. The GMR ratio and field sensitivity varied widely as a function of annealing from temperatures between 300 and 400 °C. A high MR ratio of 6.3% and field sensitivity of 11.3%/(kA/m) (0.9%/Oe) were observed for a seven bilayer sample annealed to 350 °C. In general, NiFeCo/Ag multilayers produced greater MR responses and field sensitivities than comparably annealed NiFe/Ag multilayers. NiFeCo/Ag multilayers, however, display more hysteresis than NiFe/Ag multilayers and lack a zero-crossing saturation magnetostriction versus annealing temperature. Multilayer deposition in a magnetic field severely degrades MR performance since it prevents the magnetostatic antiparallel alignment between magnetic grains which occurs in the absence of an applied magnetic field following sample annealing. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 5596-5598 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The giant magnetoresistive (GMR) behaviors of discontinuous double-layer giant magnetoresistive films with different microstructure arising from different annealing conditions, are calculated using a numerical micromagnetic model. The effect of magnetic grain growths in the perpendicular and lateral directions in the magnetic layers, and the formation and growth of grain clusters were studied. The GMR responses of the films are analyzed in terms of magnetostatic interactions between the magnetic layers and the microstructural geometric effects on the transport properties of the samples. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 6313-6313 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: As part of a fundamental study of interface magnetism in Fe/Fe3O4 multilayer systems, we have examined the magnetic properties of polycrystalline Fe3O4 thin films. Fe3O4 thin films, deposited by reactive evaporation and sputtering, have been previously studied because they serve as a precursor for the formation of γ-Fe2O3. The film thicknesses used in these studies have typically been greater than 100 nm. We have examined the magnetic properties and microstructure of Fe3O4 films with thicknesses less than 100 nm, a regime in which the magnetic properties have been reported to be strongly dependent on thickness.1 The films were deposited by rf sputtering. The processing variables examined include substrate material, substrate temperature, oxygen partial pressure, and film thickness. The microstructural origins of the observed coercivity and anisotropy will be discussed, as well as trends in the saturation behavior.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 106 (1997), S. 1026-1033 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A theoretical model for electron-impact total ionization cross sections, which has been found to be reliable for a wide range of molecules, is applied to molecules of interest to atmospheric science. The new theory, the binary-encounter-Bethe (BEB) model, combines the binary-encounter theory and the Bethe theory for electron-impact ionization, and uses simple theoretical data for the ground state of the target molecule, which are readily available from molecular structure codes. Total ionization cross sections of 11 molecules, CS, CS2, COS, CH4, H2S, NH3, NO2, N2O, O3, S2, and SO2, are presented for incident electron energies from threshold to 1 keV with an average accuracy of 15% or better at the cross section peak. We also found that the use of vertical ionization potentials (IPs) rather than adiabatic IPs for the lowest IPs significantly improves BEB cross sections between the threshold and cross section peak for molecules whose adiabatic and vertical IPs are different by ∼1 eV or more (CH4 and NH3). The BEB cross sections are presented in a compact analytic form with a small number of constants, making the cross sections suitable for modeling applications. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 104 (1996), S. 2956-2966 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A theoretical model for electron-impact ionization cross sections, which has been developed primarily for atoms and atomic ions, is applied to neutral molecules. The new model combines the binary-encounter theory and the Bethe theory for electron-impact ionization, and uses minimal theoretical data for the ground state of the target molecule, which are readily available from public-domain molecular structure codes such as GAMESS. The theory is called the binary-encounter Bethe (BEB) model, and does not, in principle, involve any adjustable parameters. Applications to 19 molecules, including H2, NO, CH2, C6H6, and SF6, are presented, demonstrating that the BEB model provides total ionization cross sections by electron impact from threshold to several keV with an average accuracy of 15% or better at the cross section peak, except for SiF3. The BEB model can be applied to stable molecules as well as to transient radicals. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 6386-6388 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effects of magnetostatic interactions on the giant magnetoresistive (GMR) response of NiFe/Cu/NiFe spin valves are studied using an analytical model. The model is applicable to devices small enough for the magnetic layers to exhibit single-domain behavior. Devices having lengths in the track-width direction of 10 μm and interlayer separations of 4.5 nm are studied. Stripe heights are varied from 0.5 to 2 μm. The magnetization of one magnetic layer is pinned by a transverse pinning field that is varied from 0 to 24 kA/m (300 Oe). GMR curves for transverse fields are calculated. At zero external field the magnetization of the layers shows a tendency to align themselves antiparallel in the transverse direction. This results in an offset from the ideal biasing of the device. Broadening of the curves due to shape anisotropy occurs with decreasing stripe height and increasing magnetic layer thickness, and the magnetization in the pinned layer becomes less stable. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 431-437 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have investigated the magnetic properties of Fe3O4 thin films with thicknesses below 1000 A(ring). Previous reports had indicated an anomalous decrease in the saturation magnetization of Fe3O4 films with thicknesses below 700 A(ring). The films were prepared by reactive rf magnetron sputtering and effects of film thickness, oxygen flow rate, and substrate temperature were examined. A region of acceptable magnetic properties, which do not vary with film thickness, for Fe3O4 films has been found at both RT and 400 °C. Within the processing region for single-phase Fe3O4, the magnetic properties did not vary significantly with oxygen partial pressure but did change with substrate temperature. The RT films are characterized by low saturation magnetization, 250 emu/cm3, and modest coercivity, 250 Oe. The films at 400 °C have a higher saturation magnetization, 330 emu/cm3, but also a higher coercivity, 450 Oe. The increased saturation magnetization at higher temperature results from the higher film density and lower degree of cation disorder; the higher coercivity at 400 °C is anomalous. In addition, at RT we have discovered a processing region where ferrimagnetic wüstite, Fe1−xO, is formed. The Fe1−xO films have good soft magnetic properties and warrant further study.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 1233-1241 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The microstructure and magnetic properties of polycrystalline Fe films with thicknesses of 200–1000 A(ring) have been investigated. The films were prepared by rf sputtering onto SiO2 substrates. The investigation was prompted by the lack of data on sputtered Fe films in this thickness regime as well as disagreement in the data for evaporated films. In addition to thickness, substrate temperature and deposition pressure were varied to examine their effect on the microstructure. The film microstructure was characterized by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Auger spectroscopy. The polycrystalline films did not display a strong preferred orientation and had average grain sizes of 60–85 A(ring). Surface oxide layers formed upon exposure to air ranged from 10 to 80 A(ring), the thicker oxides formed on films with lower density. Magnetic hysteresis measurements were made with a vibrating sample magnetometer. Below 1000 A(ring), porosity and surface oxidation result in reductions up to 25% in the saturation magnetization. An anomalous peak in coercivity at film thicknesses of 300–500 A(ring) was observed, which can be explained by the change in domain wall type.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 64 (1993), S. 2385-2386 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Recently, a new contactless Jc measurement technique by monitoring nonlinear responses from a coil mounted in the proximity of a superconducting film was reported by Classen et al. [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 996 (1991)]. An improved method to measure the nonlinear inductive response is developed using an inductance bridge circuit, which discriminates the third-harmonic signal due to the nonlinearity from those of other origins. Moreover, in this technique, the phase of the third-harmonic signal can be used to determine the critical current.
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