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  • 1
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    Molecular and morphological supertrees for eutherian (placental) mammals (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-07
    Description: A large body of diverse comparative data now exists for a major phylogenetic synthesis of the higher-level relationships among eutherian (placental) mammals. We present such a phylogenetic synthesis using the composite trees or supertrees from the combined and separate analyses of their published molecular and morphological source phylogenies. Our combined and separate supertrees largely support the same suprafamilial taxa and orders, but different interordinal clades. These similarities and differences reinforce the continuing contributions of morphological studies, while highlighting the growing influence of molecular information on the field. As current summaries of past research, our supertrees emphasize opportunities for future work, while providing a step toward the eventual integration of the data and characters themselves.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, F G -- Miyamoto, M M -- Freire, N P -- Ong, P Q -- Tennant, M R -- Young, T S -- Gugel, K F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 2;291(5509):1786-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, Box 118525, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11230694" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Humans ; Mammals/anatomy & histology/*classification/genetics ; Pedigree ; *Phylogeny
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Dirac strings and magnetic monopoles in the spin ice Dy2Ti2O7 (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-05
    Description: Sources of magnetic fields-magnetic monopoles-have so far proven elusive as elementary particles. Condensed-matter physicists have recently proposed several scenarios of emergent quasiparticles resembling monopoles. A particularly simple proposition pertains to spin ice on the highly frustrated pyrochlore lattice. The spin-ice state is argued to be well described by networks of aligned dipoles resembling solenoidal tubes-classical, and observable, versions of a Dirac string. Where these tubes end, the resulting defects look like magnetic monopoles. We demonstrated, by diffuse neutron scattering, the presence of such strings in the spin ice dysprosium titanate (Dy2Ti2O7). This is achieved by applying a symmetry-breaking magnetic field with which we can manipulate the density and orientation of the strings. In turn, heat capacity is described by a gas of magnetic monopoles interacting via a magnetic Coulomb interaction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morris, D J P -- Tennant, D A -- Grigera, S A -- Klemke, B -- Castelnovo, C -- Moessner, R -- Czternasty, C -- Meissner, M -- Rule, K C -- Hoffmann, J-U -- Kiefer, K -- Gerischer, S -- Slobinsky, D -- Perry, R S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 16;326(5951):411-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1178868. Epub 2009 Sep 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin fur Materialien und Energie, Glienicker Str. 100, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. jonathan.morris@helmholtz-berlin.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19729617" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Quantum criticality in an Ising chain: experimental evidence for emergent E8 symmetry (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-01-09
    Description: Quantum phase transitions take place between distinct phases of matter at zero temperature. Near the transition point, exotic quantum symmetries can emerge that govern the excitation spectrum of the system. A symmetry described by the E8 Lie group with a spectrum of eight particles was long predicted to appear near the critical point of an Ising chain. We realize this system experimentally by using strong transverse magnetic fields to tune the quasi-one-dimensional Ising ferromagnet CoNb2O6 (cobalt niobate) through its critical point. Spin excitations are observed to change character from pairs of kinks in the ordered phase to spin-flips in the paramagnetic phase. Just below the critical field, the spin dynamics shows a fine structure with two sharp modes at low energies, in a ratio that approaches the golden mean predicted for the first two meson particles of the E8 spectrum. Our results demonstrate the power of symmetry to describe complex quantum behaviors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coldea, R -- Tennant, D A -- Wheeler, E M -- Wawrzynska, E -- Prabhakaran, D -- Telling, M -- Habicht, K -- Smeibidl, P -- Kiefer, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 8;327(5962):177-80. doi: 10.1126/science.1180085.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK. r.coldea@physics.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20056884" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 4
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    Quantum cascade surface-emitting photonic crystal laser (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-01
    Description: We combine photonic and electronic band structure engineering to create a surface-emitting quantum cascade microcavity laser. A high-index contrast two-dimensional photonic crystal is used to form a micro-resonator that simultaneously provides feedback for laser action and diffracts light vertically from the surface of the semiconductor surface. A top metallic contact allows electrical current injection and provides vertical optical confinement through a bound surface plasmon wave. The miniaturization and tailorable emission properties of this design are potentially important for sensing applications, while electrical pumping can allow new studies of photonic crystal and surface plasmon structures in nonlinear and near-field optics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Colombelli, Raffaele -- Srinivasan, Kartik -- Troccoli, Mariano -- Painter, Oskar -- Gmachl, Claire F -- Tennant, Donald M -- Sergent, A Michael -- Sivco, Deborah L -- Cho, Alfred Y -- Capasso, Federico -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 21;302(5649):1374-7. Epub 2003 Oct 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA. colombel@ief.u-psud.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14593186" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 5
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    The effect of magmatic activity on hydrothermal venting along the superfast-spreading East pacific rise (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-08-25
    Description: A survey of hydrothermal activity along the superfast-spreading (approximately 150 millimeters per year) East Pacific Rise shows that hydrothermal plumes overlay approximately 60 percent of the ridge crest between 13 degrees 50' and 18 degrees 40'S, a plume abundance nearly twice that known from any other rige portion of comparable length. Plumes were most abundant where the axial cross section is inflated and an axial magma chamber is present. Plumes with high ratios of volatile ((3)He, CH(4), and H(2)S) to nonvolatile (Mn and Fe) species marked where hydrothermal circulation has been perturbed by recent magmatic activity. The high proportion of volatile-rich plumes observed implies that such episodes are more frequent here than on slower spreading ridges.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Urabe, T -- Baker, E T -- Ishibashi, J -- Feely, R A -- Marumo, K -- Massoth, G J -- Maruyama, A -- Shitashima, K -- Okamura, K -- Lupton, J E -- Sonoda, A -- Yamazaki, T -- Aoki, M -- Gendron, J -- Greene, R -- Kaiho, Y -- Kisimoto, K -- Lebon, G -- Matsumoto, T -- Nakamura, K -- Nishizawa, A -- Okano, O -- Paradis, G -- Roe, K -- Shibata, T -- Tennant, D -- Vance, T -- Walker, S L -- Yabuki, T -- Ytow, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Aug 25;269(5227):1092-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17755532" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 6
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    Formation of a nematic fluid at high fields in Sr3Ru2O7 (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: In principle, a complex assembly of strongly interacting electrons can self-organize into a wide variety of collective states, but relatively few such states have been identified in practice. We report that, in the close vicinity of a metamagnetic quantum critical point, high-purity strontium ruthenate Sr3Ru2O7 possesses a large magnetoresistive anisotropy, consistent with the existence of an electronic nematic fluid. We discuss a striking phenomenological similarity between our observations and those made in high-purity two-dimensional electron fluids in gallium arsenide devices.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Borzi, R A -- Grigera, S A -- Farrell, J -- Perry, R S -- Lister, S J S -- Lee, S L -- Tennant, D A -- Maeno, Y -- Mackenzie, A P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 12;315(5809):214-7. Epub 2006 Nov 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK. r.chufo@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124288" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 7
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    Discovery of powerful gamma-ray flares from the Crab Nebula (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-01-08
    Description: The well-known Crab Nebula is at the center of the SN1054 supernova remnant. It consists of a rotationally powered pulsar interacting with a surrounding nebula through a relativistic particle wind. The emissions originating from the pulsar and nebula have been considered to be essentially stable. Here, we report the detection of strong gamma-ray (100 mega-electron volts to 10 giga-electron volts) flares observed by the AGILE satellite in September 2010 and October 2007. In both cases, the total gamma-ray flux increased by a factor of three compared with the non-flaring flux. The flare luminosity and short time scale favor an origin near the pulsar, and we discuss Chandra Observatory x-ray and Hubble Space Telescope optical follow-up observations of the nebula. Our observations challenge standard models of nebular emission and require power-law acceleration by shock-driven plasma wave turbulence within an approximately 1-day time scale.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tavani, M -- Bulgarelli, A -- Vittorini, V -- Pellizzoni, A -- Striani, E -- Caraveo, P -- Weisskopf, M C -- Tennant, A -- Pucella, G -- Trois, A -- Costa, E -- Evangelista, Y -- Pittori, C -- Verrecchia, F -- Del Monte, E -- Campana, R -- Pilia, M -- De Luca, A -- Donnarumma, I -- Horns, D -- Ferrigno, C -- Heinke, C O -- Trifoglio, M -- Gianotti, F -- Vercellone, S -- Argan, A -- Barbiellini, G -- Cattaneo, P W -- Chen, A W -- Contessi, T -- D'Ammando, F -- DePris, G -- Di Cocco, G -- Di Persio, G -- Feroci, M -- Ferrari, A -- Galli, M -- Giuliani, A -- Giusti, M -- Labanti, C -- Lapshov, I -- Lazzarotto, F -- Lipari, P -- Longo, F -- Fuschino, F -- Marisaldi, M -- Mereghetti, S -- Morelli, E -- Moretti, E -- Morselli, A -- Pacciani, L -- Perotti, F -- Piano, G -- Picozza, P -- Prest, M -- Rapisarda, M -- Rappoldi, A -- Rubini, A -- Sabatini, S -- Soffitta, P -- Vallazza, E -- Zambra, A -- Zanello, D -- Lucarelli, F -- Santolamazza, P -- Giommi, P -- Salotti, L -- Bignami, G F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 11;331(6018):736-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1200083. Epub 2011 Jan 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica (INAF-IASF) Roma, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy. pi.agile@iasf-roma.inaf.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21212318" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 8
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    Prediction of chemical carcinogenicity in rodents from in vitro genetic toxicity assays (1987)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1987-05-22
    Description: Four widely used in vitro assays for genetic toxicity were evaluated for their ability to predict the carcinogenicity of selected chemicals in rodents. These assays were mutagenesis in Salmonella and mouse lymphoma cells and chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Seventy-three chemicals recently tested in 2-year carcinogenicity studies conducted by the National Cancer Institute and the National Toxicology Program were used in this evaluation. Test results from the four in vitro assays did not show significant differences in individual concordance with the rodent carcinogenicity results; the concordance of each assay was approximately 60 percent. Within the limits of this study there was no evidence of complementarity among the four assays, and no battery of tests constructed from these assays improved substantially on the overall performance of the Salmonella assay. The in vitro assays which represented a range of three cell types and four end points did show substantial agreement among themselves, indicating that chemicals positive in one in vitro assay tended to be positive in the other in vitro assays.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tennant, R W -- Margolin, B H -- Shelby, M D -- Zeiger, E -- Haseman, J K -- Spalding, J -- Caspary, W -- Resnick, M -- Stasiewicz, S -- Anderson, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1987 May 22;236(4804):933-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3554512" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carcinogens/pharmacology/*toxicity ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods ; Mutagenicity Tests/*methods ; Mutagens/pharmacology ; *Mutation ; Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects ; Sister Chromatid Exchange/drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
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    Response: do short-term tests predict rodent carcinogenicity? (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-09-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haseman, J K -- Margolin, B H -- Shelby, M D -- Zeiger, E -- Tennant, R W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Sep 2;241(4870):1233.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17740787" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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