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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (24)
  • 2015-2019  (20)
  • 1995-1999  (4)
  • 1
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    Mitochondrial oxidation of the carbohydrate fuel is required for neural precursor/stem cell function and postnatal cerebellar development (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉While deregulation of mitochondrial metabolism and cytosolic glycolysis has been well recognized in tumor cells, the role of coordinated mitochondrial oxidation and cytosolic fermentation of pyruvate, a key metabolite derived from glucose, in physiological processes is not well understood. Here, we report that knockout of 〈i〉PTPMT1〈/i〉, a mitochondrial phosphoinositide phosphatase, completely blocked postnatal cerebellar development. Proliferation of granule cell progenitors, the most actively replicating cells in the developing cerebellum, was only moderately decreased, and proliferation of Purkinje cell progenitors did not seem to be affected in knockout mice. In contrast, generation of functional Bergmann glia from multipotent precursor cells (radial glia), which is essential for cerebellar corticogenesis, was totally disrupted. Moreover, despite a low turnover rate, neural stem cells were impaired in self-renewal in knockout mice. Mechanistically, loss of PTPMT1 decreased mitochondrial aerobic metabolism by limiting utilization of pyruvate, which resulted in bioenergetic stress in neural precursor/stem cells but not in progenitor or mature cells, leading to cell cycle arrest through activation of the AMPK-p19/p21 pathway. This study suggests that mitochondrial oxidation of the carbohydrate fuel is required for postnatal cerebellar development, and identifies a bioenergetic stress–induced cell cycle checkpoint in neural precursor/stem cells.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Mitochondrial oxidation of the carbohydrate fuel is required for neural precursor/stem cell function and postnatal cerebellar development (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-11
    Description: While deregulation of mitochondrial metabolism and cytosolic glycolysis has been well recognized in tumor cells, the role of coordinated mitochondrial oxidation and cytosolic fermentation of pyruvate, a key metabolite derived from glucose, in physiological processes is not well understood. Here, we report that knockout of PTPMT1 , a mitochondrial phosphoinositide phosphatase, completely blocked postnatal cerebellar development. Proliferation of granule cell progenitors, the most actively replicating cells in the developing cerebellum, was only moderately decreased, and proliferation of Purkinje cell progenitors did not seem to be affected in knockout mice. In contrast, generation of functional Bergmann glia from multipotent precursor cells (radial glia), which is essential for cerebellar corticogenesis, was totally disrupted. Moreover, despite a low turnover rate, neural stem cells were impaired in self-renewal in knockout mice. Mechanistically, loss of PTPMT1 decreased mitochondrial aerobic metabolism by limiting utilization of pyruvate, which resulted in bioenergetic stress in neural precursor/stem cells but not in progenitor or mature cells, leading to cell cycle arrest through activation of the AMPK-p19/p21 pathway. This study suggests that mitochondrial oxidation of the carbohydrate fuel is required for postnatal cerebellar development, and identifies a bioenergetic stress–induced cell cycle checkpoint in neural precursor/stem cells.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Focusing light inside live tissue using reversibly switchable bacterial phytochrome as a genetically encoded photochromic guide star (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Focusing light deep by engineering wavefronts toward guide stars inside scattering media has potential biomedical applications in imaging, manipulation, stimulation, and therapy. However, the lack of endogenous guide stars in biological tissue hinders its translations to in vivo applications. Here, we use a reversibly switchable bacterial phytochrome protein as a genetically encoded photochromic guide star (GePGS) in living tissue to tag photons at targeted locations, achieving light focusing inside the tissue by wavefront shaping. As bacterial phytochrome-based GePGS absorbs light differently upon far-red and near-infrared illumination, a large dynamic absorption contrast can be created to tag photons inside tissue. By modulating the GePGS at a distinctive frequency, we suppressed the competition between GePGS and tissue motions and formed tight foci inside mouse tumors in vivo and acute mouse brain tissue, thus improving light delivery efficiency and specificity. Spectral multiplexing of GePGS proteins with different colors is an attractive possibility.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    A mutually stabilized host-guest pair (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉By using click chemistry, a hexacationic cage was synthesized. The cage contains two triscationic -electron–deficient trispyridiniumtriazine (TPZ〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉) platforms that are bridged in a face-to-face manner by three ethylene-triazole-ethylene linkers. A diversity of -electron–rich guests can be recognized within the pocket of the cage, driven by host-guest - interactions. The cage cavity acts as a protecting group, preventing an anthracene guest from undergoing Diels-Alder reaction. Under ultraviolet (UV) light, the pyridinium CN bonds in TPZ〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 platforms are polarized and weakened, resulting in the occurrence of cage decomposition via β-elimination. Guest recognition could help to prevent this UV-stimulated cage decomposition by suppressing the excitation of the TPZ〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 units.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    PPM1A silences cytosolic RNA sensing and antiviral defense through direct dephosphorylation of MAVS and TBK1 (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-03
    Description: Cytosolic RNA sensing is a prerequisite for initiation of innate immune response against RNA viral pathogens. Signaling through RIG-I (retinoic acid–inducible gene I)–like receptors (RLRs) to TBK1 (Tank-binding kinase 1)/IKK (IB kinase ) kinases is transduced by mitochondria-associated MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein). However, the precise mechanism of how MAVS-mediated TBK1/IKK activation is strictly controlled still remains obscure. We reported that protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1A (PPM1A; also known as PP2Cα), depending on its catalytic ability, dampened the RLR-IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) axis to silence cytosolic RNA sensing signaling. We demonstrated that PPM1A was an inherent partner of the TBK1/IKK complex, targeted both MAVS and TBK1/IKK for dephosphorylation, and thus disrupted MAVS-driven formation of signaling complex. Conversely, a high level of MAVS can dissociate the TBK1/PPM1A complex to override PPM1A-mediated inhibition. Loss of PPM1A through gene ablation in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and mouse primary macrophages enabled robustly enhanced antiviral responses. Consequently, Ppm1a –/– mice resisted to RNA virus attack, and transgenic zebrafish expressing PPM1A displayed profoundly increased RNA virus vulnerability. These findings identify PPM1A as the first known phosphatase of MAVS and elucidate the physiological function of PPM1A in antiviral immunity on whole animals.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Climate change record in subsurface temperatures: A global perspective (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-09
    Description: Analyses of underground temperature measurements from 358 boreholes in eastern North America, central Europe, southern Africa, and Australia indicate that, in the 20th century, the average surface temperature of Earth has increased by about 0.5 degreesC and that the 20th century has been the warmest of the past five centuries. The subsurface temperatures also indicate that Earth's mean surface temperature has increased by about 1.0 degreesC over the past five centuries. The geothermal data offer an independent confirmation of the unusual character of 20th-century climate that has emerged from recent multiproxy studies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pollack -- Huang -- Shen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 9;282(5387):279-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉H. N. Pollack and S. Huang, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1063, USA. P.-Y. Shen, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9765150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Mantle discontinuity structure beneath the southern east pacific rise from P-to-S converted phases (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-05
    Description: Receiver functions derived from teleseismic body waves recorded by ocean-bottom seismometers on the southern East Pacific Rise reveal shear waves converted from compressional waves at the mantle discontinuities near 410- and 660-kilometer depth. The thickness of the mantle transition zone between the two discontinuities is normal relative to the global average and indicates that upwelling beneath the southern East Pacific Rise is not associated with an excess temperature in the mantle transition zone.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shen -- Sheehan -- Dueker -- de Groot-Hedlin C -- Gilbert -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 22;280(5367):1232-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Y. Shen, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. A. F. Sheehan, K. G. Dueker, H. Gilbert, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9596570" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Phase velocities of rayleigh waves in the MELT experiment on the east pacific rise (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-05
    Description: The phase velocities of Rayleigh waves increase more rapidly with distance from the East Pacific Rise (EPR) axis than is predicted by models of conductive cooling of the lithosphere. Low velocities near the axis are probably caused by partial melt at depths of 20 to 70 kilometers in a zone several hundred kilometers wide. The lowest velocities are offset to the west of the EPR. Wave propagation is anisotropic; the fast direction is approximately perpendicular to the ridge, parallel to the spreading direction. Anisotropy increases from a minimum near the axis to 3 percent or more on the flanks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Forsyth -- Webb -- Dorman -- Shen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 22;280(5367):1235-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉D. W. Forsyth, Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. S. C. Webb and L. M. Dorman, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Y. Shen, Woods Hole Ocea.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9596571" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    A population genetic test of selection at the molecular level (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-12-01
    Description: The role of natural selection in molecular evolution has been inferred primarily by rejection of null hypotheses based on neutral theory, rather than by acceptance of specific predictions based on selection. In this report, a population genetic test of a specific prediction for selection on DNA polymorphism is presented. Pyrethroid insecticide use constitutes an experiment for which form of selection and molecular target (voltage-gated sodium channels) are both known. As predicted, differential pyrethroid selection on tobacco budworm populations generated significant geographic heterogeneity in sodium channel marker allele frequencies, compared with arbitrary loci.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taylor, M F -- Shen, Y -- Kreitman, M E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Dec 1;270(5241):1497-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7491497" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Genes, Insect ; Genetic Markers ; Insecticide Resistance ; Insecticides/pharmacology ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Moths/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Pyrethrins/pharmacology ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sodium Channels/*genetics ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Plant biology. Suppression of endogenous gene silencing by bidirectional cytoplasmic RNA decay in Arabidopsis (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-04
    Description: Plant immunity against foreign gene invasion takes advantage of posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS). How plants elaborately avert inappropriate PTGS of endogenous coding genes remains unclear. We demonstrate in Arabidopsis that both 5'-3' and 3'-5' cytoplasmic RNA decay pathways act as repressors of transgene and endogenous PTGS. Disruption of bidirectional cytoplasmic RNA decay leads to pleiotropic developmental defects and drastic transcriptomic alterations, which are substantially rescued by PTGS mutants. Upon dysfunction of bidirectional RNA decay, a large number of 21- to 22-nucleotide endogenous small interfering RNAs are produced from coding transcripts, including multiple microRNA targets, which could interfere with their cognate gene expression and functions. This study highlights the risk of unwanted PTGS and identifies cytoplasmic RNA decay pathways as safeguards of plant transcriptome and development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Xinyan -- Zhu, Ying -- Liu, Xiaodan -- Hong, Xinyu -- Xu, Yang -- Zhu, Ping -- Shen, Yang -- Wu, Huihui -- Ji, Yusi -- Wen, Xing -- Zhang, Chen -- Zhao, Qiong -- Wang, Yichuan -- Lu, Jian -- Guo, Hongwei -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Apr 3;348(6230):120-3. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa2618.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. ; Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. ; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. ; State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. ; State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. hongweig@pku.edu.cn.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25838384" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Cytoplasm/*metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; MicroRNAs/genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; Plant Immunity/*genetics ; *RNA Interference ; RNA Replicase/genetics/physiology ; *RNA Stability ; RNA, Plant/*genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics/metabolism ; *Suppression, Genetic ; Transcriptome ; Transgenes
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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