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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉While deregulation of mitochondrial metabolism and cytosolic glycolysis has been well recognized in tumor cells, the role of coordinated mitochondrial oxidation and cytosolic fermentation of pyruvate, a key metabolite derived from glucose, in physiological processes is not well understood. Here, we report that knockout of 〈i〉PTPMT1〈/i〉, a mitochondrial phosphoinositide phosphatase, completely blocked postnatal cerebellar development. Proliferation of granule cell progenitors, the most actively replicating cells in the developing cerebellum, was only moderately decreased, and proliferation of Purkinje cell progenitors did not seem to be affected in knockout mice. In contrast, generation of functional Bergmann glia from multipotent precursor cells (radial glia), which is essential for cerebellar corticogenesis, was totally disrupted. Moreover, despite a low turnover rate, neural stem cells were impaired in self-renewal in knockout mice. Mechanistically, loss of PTPMT1 decreased mitochondrial aerobic metabolism by limiting utilization of pyruvate, which resulted in bioenergetic stress in neural precursor/stem cells but not in progenitor or mature cells, leading to cell cycle arrest through activation of the AMPK-p19/p21 pathway. This study suggests that mitochondrial oxidation of the carbohydrate fuel is required for postnatal cerebellar development, and identifies a bioenergetic stress–induced cell cycle checkpoint in neural precursor/stem cells.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2018-10-11
    Description: While deregulation of mitochondrial metabolism and cytosolic glycolysis has been well recognized in tumor cells, the role of coordinated mitochondrial oxidation and cytosolic fermentation of pyruvate, a key metabolite derived from glucose, in physiological processes is not well understood. Here, we report that knockout of PTPMT1 , a mitochondrial phosphoinositide phosphatase, completely blocked postnatal cerebellar development. Proliferation of granule cell progenitors, the most actively replicating cells in the developing cerebellum, was only moderately decreased, and proliferation of Purkinje cell progenitors did not seem to be affected in knockout mice. In contrast, generation of functional Bergmann glia from multipotent precursor cells (radial glia), which is essential for cerebellar corticogenesis, was totally disrupted. Moreover, despite a low turnover rate, neural stem cells were impaired in self-renewal in knockout mice. Mechanistically, loss of PTPMT1 decreased mitochondrial aerobic metabolism by limiting utilization of pyruvate, which resulted in bioenergetic stress in neural precursor/stem cells but not in progenitor or mature cells, leading to cell cycle arrest through activation of the AMPK-p19/p21 pathway. This study suggests that mitochondrial oxidation of the carbohydrate fuel is required for postnatal cerebellar development, and identifies a bioenergetic stress–induced cell cycle checkpoint in neural precursor/stem cells.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Focusing light deep by engineering wavefronts toward guide stars inside scattering media has potential biomedical applications in imaging, manipulation, stimulation, and therapy. However, the lack of endogenous guide stars in biological tissue hinders its translations to in vivo applications. Here, we use a reversibly switchable bacterial phytochrome protein as a genetically encoded photochromic guide star (GePGS) in living tissue to tag photons at targeted locations, achieving light focusing inside the tissue by wavefront shaping. As bacterial phytochrome-based GePGS absorbs light differently upon far-red and near-infrared illumination, a large dynamic absorption contrast can be created to tag photons inside tissue. By modulating the GePGS at a distinctive frequency, we suppressed the competition between GePGS and tissue motions and formed tight foci inside mouse tumors in vivo and acute mouse brain tissue, thus improving light delivery efficiency and specificity. Spectral multiplexing of GePGS proteins with different colors is an attractive possibility.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉By using click chemistry, a hexacationic cage was synthesized. The cage contains two triscationic -electron–deficient trispyridiniumtriazine (TPZ〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉) platforms that are bridged in a face-to-face manner by three ethylene-triazole-ethylene linkers. A diversity of -electron–rich guests can be recognized within the pocket of the cage, driven by host-guest - interactions. The cage cavity acts as a protecting group, preventing an anthracene guest from undergoing Diels-Alder reaction. Under ultraviolet (UV) light, the pyridinium CN bonds in TPZ〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 platforms are polarized and weakened, resulting in the occurrence of cage decomposition via β-elimination. Guest recognition could help to prevent this UV-stimulated cage decomposition by suppressing the excitation of the TPZ〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 units.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2016-07-03
    Description: Cytosolic RNA sensing is a prerequisite for initiation of innate immune response against RNA viral pathogens. Signaling through RIG-I (retinoic acid–inducible gene I)–like receptors (RLRs) to TBK1 (Tank-binding kinase 1)/IKK (IB kinase ) kinases is transduced by mitochondria-associated MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein). However, the precise mechanism of how MAVS-mediated TBK1/IKK activation is strictly controlled still remains obscure. We reported that protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1A (PPM1A; also known as PP2Cα), depending on its catalytic ability, dampened the RLR-IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) axis to silence cytosolic RNA sensing signaling. We demonstrated that PPM1A was an inherent partner of the TBK1/IKK complex, targeted both MAVS and TBK1/IKK for dephosphorylation, and thus disrupted MAVS-driven formation of signaling complex. Conversely, a high level of MAVS can dissociate the TBK1/PPM1A complex to override PPM1A-mediated inhibition. Loss of PPM1A through gene ablation in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and mouse primary macrophages enabled robustly enhanced antiviral responses. Consequently, Ppm1a –/– mice resisted to RNA virus attack, and transgenic zebrafish expressing PPM1A displayed profoundly increased RNA virus vulnerability. These findings identify PPM1A as the first known phosphatase of MAVS and elucidate the physiological function of PPM1A in antiviral immunity on whole animals.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-04-02
    Description: Macroscopic polarization density, characteristic of ferroelectric phases, is stabilized by dipolar intermolecular interactions. These are weakened as materials become more fluid and of higher symmetry, limiting ferroelectricity to crystals and to smectic liquid crystal stackings of fluid layers. We report the SmAP(F), the smectic of fluid polar orthorhombic layers that order into a three-dimensional ferroelectric state, the highest-symmetry layered ferroelectric possible and the highest-symmetry ferroelectric material found to date. Its bent-core molecular design employs a single flexible tail that stabilizes layers with untilted molecules and in-plane polar ordering, evident in monolayer-thick freely suspended films. Electro-optic response reveals the three-dimensional orthorhombic ferroelectric structure, stabilized by silane molecular terminations that promote parallel alignment of the molecular dipoles in adjacent layers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reddy, R Amaranatha -- Zhu, Chenhui -- Shao, Renfan -- Korblova, Eva -- Gong, Tao -- Shen, Yongqiang -- Garcia, Edgardo -- Glaser, Matthew A -- Maclennan, Joseph E -- Walba, David M -- Clark, Noel A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 1;332(6025):72-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1197248.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Liquid Crystal Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21454782" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-04-02
    Description: Heparan and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs and CSPGs, respectively) regulate numerous cell surface signaling events, with typically opposite effects on cell function. CSPGs inhibit nerve regeneration through receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (RPTPsigma). Here we report that RPTPsigma acts bimodally in sensory neuron extension, mediating CSPG inhibition and HSPG growth promotion. Crystallographic analyses of a shared HSPG-CSPG binding site reveal a conformational plasticity that can accommodate diverse glycosaminoglycans with comparable affinities. Heparan sulfate and analogs induced RPTPsigma ectodomain oligomerization in solution, which was inhibited by chondroitin sulfate. RPTPsigma and HSPGs colocalize in puncta on sensory neurons in culture, whereas CSPGs occupy the extracellular matrix. These results lead to a model where proteoglycans can exert opposing effects on neuronal extension by competing to control the oligomerization of a common receptor.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3154093/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3154093/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coles, Charlotte H -- Shen, Yingjie -- Tenney, Alan P -- Siebold, Christian -- Sutton, Geoffrey C -- Lu, Weixian -- Gallagher, John T -- Jones, E Yvonne -- Flanagan, John G -- Aricescu, A Radu -- 090532/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 10976/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- EY11559/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- G0700232/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0900084/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- HD29417/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY011559/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY011559-19/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 HD029417/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R37 HD029417-20/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 22;332(6028):484-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1200840. Epub 2011 Mar 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21454754" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Axons/*physiology ; Binding Sites ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/chemistry/*metabolism ; Chondroitin Sulfates/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Extracellular Matrix ; Ganglia, Spinal ; Glypicans/metabolism ; Growth Cones/metabolism ; Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/chemistry/*metabolism ; Heparitin Sulfate/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neurites/physiology ; Neurocan/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 2/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Sensory Receptor Cells/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-11-19
    Description: The end-Permian mass extinction was the most severe biodiversity crisis in Earth history. To better constrain the timing, and ultimately the causes of this event, we collected a suite of geochronologic, isotopic, and biostratigraphic data on several well-preserved sedimentary sections in South China. High-precision U-Pb dating reveals that the extinction peak occurred just before 252.28 +/- 0.08 million years ago, after a decline of 2 per mil ( per thousand) in delta(13)C over 90,000 years, and coincided with a delta(13)C excursion of -5 per thousand that is estimated to have lasted 〈/=20,000 years. The extinction interval was less than 200,000 years and synchronous in marine and terrestrial realms; associated charcoal-rich and soot-bearing layers indicate widespread wildfires on land. A massive release of thermogenic carbon dioxide and/or methane may have caused the catastrophic extinction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shen, Shu-zhong -- Crowley, James L -- Wang, Yue -- Bowring, Samuel A -- Erwin, Douglas H -- Sadler, Peter M -- Cao, Chang-qun -- Rothman, Daniel H -- Henderson, Charles M -- Ramezani, Jahandar -- Zhang, Hua -- Shen, Yanan -- Wang, Xiang-dong -- Wang, Wei -- Mu, Lin -- Li, Wen-zhong -- Tang, Yue-gang -- Liu, Xiao-lei -- Liu, Lu-jun -- Zeng, Yong -- Jiang, Yao-fa -- Jin, Yu-gan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 9;334(6061):1367-72. doi: 10.1126/science.1213454. Epub 2011 Nov 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Nanjing 210008, China. szshen@nigpas.ac.cn〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22096103" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Carbon Dioxide ; Carbon Isotopes ; China ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Fires ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Invertebrates/classification ; Isotopes ; Lead ; Mass Spectrometry ; Methane ; Oceans and Seas ; Plants/classification ; Radioisotope Dilution Technique ; Radiometric Dating ; Seawater/chemistry ; Time ; Uranium ; Vertebrates/classification
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2012-12-15
    Description: Although the gonad primarily functions in procreation, it also affects animal life span. Here, we show that removal of the Caenorhabditis elegans germ line triggers a switch in the regulatory state of the organism to promote longevity, co-opting components involved in larval developmental timing circuits. These components include the DAF-12 steroid receptor, which is involved in the larval stage two-to-stage three (L2-L3) transition and up-regulates members of the let-7 microRNA (miRNA) family. The miRNAs target an early larval nuclear factor lin-14 and akt-1/kinase, thereby stimulating DAF-16/FOXO signaling to extend life. Our studies suggest that metazoan life span is coupled to the gonad through elements of a developmental timer.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3909774/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3909774/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shen, Yidong -- Wollam, Joshua -- Magner, Daniel -- Karalay, Oezlem -- Antebi, Adam -- R01 AG027498/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM008231/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Dec 14;338(6113):1472-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1228967.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23239738" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Germ Cells/metabolism ; Gonads/*metabolism ; Larva/genetics/growth & development/physiology ; Longevity/genetics/*physiology ; MicroRNAs/genetics/*metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics/physiology ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics/*physiology ; Receptors, Steroid/genetics/*physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/genetics/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2013-07-23
    Description: Melanocortin receptor accessory proteins (MRAPs) modulate signaling of melanocortin receptors in vitro. To investigate the physiological role of brain-expressed melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2), we characterized mice with whole-body and brain-specific targeted deletion of Mrap2, both of which develop severe obesity at a young age. Mrap2 interacts directly with melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4r), a protein previously implicated in mammalian obesity, and it enhances Mc4r-mediated generation of the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate, suggesting that alterations in Mc4r signaling may be one mechanism underlying the association between Mrap2 disruption and obesity. In a study of humans with severe, early-onset obesity, we found four rare, potentially pathogenic genetic variants in MRAP2, suggesting that the gene may also contribute to body weight regulation in humans.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3788688/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3788688/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Asai, Masato -- Ramachandrappa, Shwetha -- Joachim, Maria -- Shen, Yuan -- Zhang, Rong -- Nuthalapati, Nikhil -- Ramanathan, Visali -- Strochlic, David E -- Ferket, Peter -- Linhart, Kirsten -- Ho, Caroline -- Novoselova, Tatiana V -- Garg, Sumedha -- Ridderstrale, Martin -- Marcus, Claude -- Hirschhorn, Joel N -- Keogh, Julia M -- O'Rahilly, Stephen -- Chan, Li F -- Clark, Adrian J -- Farooqi, I Sadaf -- Majzoub, Joseph A -- 098497/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0802796/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0900554/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9824984/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- P30-HD18655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK075787/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01DK075787/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32 DK007699/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32 MH020017/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 19;341(6143):275-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1233000.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23869016" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Animals ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight/*genetics ; Carrier Proteins/*genetics ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Energy Metabolism/genetics ; Female ; Gene Deletion ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Obesity/*genetics/metabolism ; Receptor Activity-Modifying Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/genetics/*metabolism ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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