Signatur:
9783662562338 (e-book)
Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis:
This completely updated and revised second edition provides a unique and up-to-date treatment of all aspects of plant ecology, making it an ideal textbook and reference work for students, researchers and practitioners. More than 500 high-quality images and drawings, mostly in colour, aid readers’ understanding of various key topics, while the clear structure and straightforward style make it user friendly and particularly useful for students. Written by leading experts, it offers authoritative information, including relevant references. While Plant Ecology primarily addresses graduate students in biology and ecology, it is also a valuable resource for post-graduate students and researchers in botany, environmental sciences and landscape ecology, as well as all those whose study or work touches on agriculture, forestry, land use, and landscape management. Key Topics: - Molecular ecophysiology (molecular stress physiology: light, temperature, oxygen deficiency, water deficit (drought), unfavorable soil mineral conditions, biotic stress) - Physiological and biophysical plant ecology (ecophysiology of plants: thermal balance, water, nutrient, carbon relations) - Ecosystem ecology (characteristics of ecosystems, approaches how to study and how to model terrestrial ecosystems, biogeochemical fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems) - Community ecology and biological diversity (development of plant communities in time and space, interactions between plants and plant communities with the abiotic and the biotic environment, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning) - Global ecology (global biogeochemical cycles, Dynamic Global Vegetation Models, global change and terrestrial ecosystems)
Materialart:
12
Seiten:
1 Online-Ressource (XXI, 926 Seiten)
,
Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
Ausgabe:
Second edition
ISBN:
9783662562338
,
978-3-662-56233-8
URL:
Ebook (access only within the AWI network)
DOI:
10.1007/978-3-662-56233-8
Sprache:
Englisch
Anmerkung:
Contents
1 Introduction
References
Part I Molecular Stress Physiology
2 General Themes of Molecular Stress Physiology
2.1 Definitions and Concepts
2.1.1 Stress
2.1.2 Quantification of Stress
2.1.3 Escape–Resistance–Avoidance–Tolerance
2.1.4 Stress Responses–Acclimation–Adaptation
2.1.5 Filters Determining Species Distribution
2.2 Activation of Stress Tolerance and Avoidance Mechanisms
2.2.1 Stress Sensing and Signal Transduction
2.2.2 Transcriptional Control
2.2.3 Oxidative Stress
2.2.4 Long-Distance Stress Signalling
2.2.5 The Model System Arabidopsis thaliana
2.3 Stress and Growth Regulation
2.4 Molecular Basis of Escape and Anticipation of Stress
2.4.1 Circadian Rhythms
2.4.2 Anticipation of Seasonal Changes in Environmental Conditions
2.4.3 Developmental Switches Triggered by Favourable Conditions
2.4.4 Trans-Generational Stress Memory
Summary
References
3 Light
3.1 The Dual Significance of Light
3.2 Visible Light
3.2.1 Avoidance of Light Stress and Permanent
or Dynamic Acclimation
3.2.2 Overexcitation and Damage to Photosynthetic Membranes.
3.2.3 Flexible Acclimation to Changes in Light Intensity
3.2.4 Continuous Light
3.2.5 Light Triggers Plant Adaptation and Acclimation to the Environment
3.3 UV-B Radiation
3.3.1 Ranges of Ultraviolet Radiation and Biological Activity
3.3.2 Ultraviolet-B Damage and Repair Mechanisms
3.3.3 Avoidance of Ultraviolet-B-Induced Stress
3.3.4 Ultraviolet-B Perception and Signalling
3.3.5 Crosstalk Between Ultraviolet-B and Visible Light
Responses
Summary
References
4 Temperature
4.1 The Temperature Challenge
4.1.1 Temperature Dependence of Life
4.1.2 Plants as Poikilothermic Organisms
4.1.3 Variations in Temperature Range
4.1.4 Strategies to Cope with Temperature Fluctuations and Temperature Extremes
4.2 Cold Acclimation and Freezing Tolerance
4.2.1 Adjustment of Membrane Fluidity
4.2.2 Prevention of Photoinhibition
4.2.3 Cryoprotective Proteins
4.2.4 Control of Ice Formation
4.2.5 Signalling Networks Involved in Cold Acclimation
4.2.6 Freezing Avoidance and Freezing Tolerance in Tropical High Mountain Plants
4.3 Heat Stress
4.3.1 Heat Stress Avoidance
4.3.2 Acquired Thermotolerance
4.3.3 The Heat Shock Response
4.4 Temperature Sensing
4.4.1 Sensing of Extreme Temperatures
4.4.2 Sensing of Ambient Temperature Changes
Summary
References
5 Oxygen Deficiency
5.1 Conditions of Flooded Soil
5.2 Hypoxia-Induced Damage: Energy Metabolism of Plants Under Oxygen Deficiency
5.3 Natural Variation in the Ability to Endure Inundation by Water
5.4 Adaptations to Flooding-Prone Habitats
5.4.1 Anatomical–Morphological Adaptations and Modifications
5.4.2 Biochemical Modifications
5.5 Sensing of Flooding and Ensuing Signal Transduction
5.5.1 Ethylene Signal Transduction
5.5.2 Oxygen Sensing
5.6 Regulation of Avoidance and Tolerance Strategies
Summary
References
6 Water Deficiency (Drought)
6.1 The Properties of Water
6.2 Water Acquisition and Movement: Cellular Aspects
6.2.1 The Water Potential
6.2.2 Facilitation of Intercellular and Intracellular Water Flow: Aquaporins
6.3 Drought Stress Responses: Avoidance and Tolerance
6.3.1 Control of the Osmotic Potential
6.3.2 Protective Proteins
6.3.3 Regulation of the Stomatal Aperture
6.4 Acclimation of Growth
6.4.1 Inhibition of Shoot Growth
6.4.2 Stimulation of Root Growth
6.5 Sensing of Water Status and Signal Transduction
6.5.1 Sensing of Water Status
6.5.2 ABA Signal Transduction
6.5.3 ABA-Independent Signalling
6.6 Photosynthesis Variants with Improved Water Use Efficiency
6.6.1 C4 Photosynthesis
6.6.2 Evolution of C 4 Photosynthesis
6.6.3 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
6.6.4 Evolution of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Photosynthesis
Summary
References
7 Adverse Soil Mineral Availability
7.1 Mineral Nutrients
7.2 The Mineral Nutrition Challenge
7.2.1 Elements in the Soil
7.2.2 Element Toxicity
7.3 Nutrient Acquisition and Responses to Nutrient Scarcity
7.3.1 Modulation of Nutrient Availability
7.3.2 Cellular Ion Transport Mechanisms
7.3.3 Modulation of Nutrient Uptake in Response to Deficiency
7.3.4 Intracellular Transport and Cellular Aspects of Long-Distance Transport
7.3.5 Plasticity of Root Architecture and Responses to Nutrient Deficiency
7.3.6 Sensing of Nutrient Availability and Nutrient Status .
7.4 Nutrient Acquisition Symbioses
7.4.1 Mycorrhizae
7.4.2 Nitrogen Fixation
7.4.3 The Common Sym Pathway
7.5 Responses to Element Toxicity and Tolerance Mechanisms
7.5.1 Essential Metal Toxicity and Tolerance
7.5.2 Metal Hyperaccumulators as Models for Adaptation to Extreme Environments
7.5.3 Sodium Toxicity
7.5.4 Aluminium Toxicity and Tolerance
7.5.5 Non-Essential Toxic Metals
Summary
References
8 Biotic Stress
8.1 Plant Disease Caused by Pathogens
8.1.1 Types of Pathogens: Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Oomycetes and Nematodes
8.1.2 Pathogenicity Mechanisms
8.2 Plant Defences Against Microbial Pathogens and Viruses
8.2.1 Preformed Defences Against Bacteria, Fungi and Oomycetes
8.2.2 Inducible Local Defences
8.2.3 Inducible Systemic Resistance
8.2.4 Defence Against Viruses via Gene Silencing
8.3 Herbivory
8.3.1 Constitutive Defences
8.3.2 Inducible Defences Against Herbivores
8.3.3 How Plant–Herbivore Interactions Drive Genetic Diversity
8.4 Parasitic Plants
8.5 Allelopathy
Summary
References
Part II Physiological and Biophysical Plant Ecology
9 Thermal Balance of Plants and Plant Communities
9.1 Energy Balance of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
9.2 Microclimate Near the Ground Surface
9.2.1 Daily Changes in Temperature Near the Ground
9.2.2 Modification of Environmental Radiation and Temperature by Abiotic Factors
9.2.3 Modification of the Radiation Budget and Temperature by Biotic Factors
9.3 Energy Balance of Leaves
9.4 Acclimation and Adaptation to Temperature Extremes
9.4.1 Acclimation and Adaptation to High Temperatures
9.4.2 Acclimation and Adaptation to Low Temperatures
Summary
References
10 Water Relations
10.1 Water as an Environmental Factor
10.1.1 Water Use by Plants and Animals
10.1.2 Availability of Water on Earth
10.1.3 Drivers of Water Flow Between the Soil and the Atmosphere
10.2 Water Transport from the Soil to the Plant
10.2.1 Water Uptake
10.2.2 Xylem Water Transport
10.2.3 Phloem Water Transport
10.3 Transpiration
10.3.1 Stomatal Responses to Plant-Internal Factors
10.3.2 Stomatal Responses to Environmental Factors
Summary
References
11 Nutrient Relations
11.1 Availability of Soil Nutrients and Ion Use
11.1.1 Plant Nutrients
11.1.2 Availability of Nutrients in Soil
11.1.3 General Aspects of Plant Nutrition
11.1.4 Nutrient Deficiency and Excess
11.2 Nitrogen Nutrition
11.2.1 Nitrogen in Plant Metabolism
11.2.2 Nitrogen Uptake and Nutrition
11.2.3 Nitrogen Requirements for Growth
11.2.4 Nitrogen Storage
11.2.5 Insectivorous Plants
11.2.6 Nitrogen Deficiency and Excess
11.3 Sulphur Nutrition
11.3.1 Sulphur in Plant Metabolism
11.3.2 Sulphur Uptake and Plant Requirements
11.3.3 Indicators of Sulphur Deficiency and Excess
11.4 Phosphate Nutrition
11.4.1 Phosphorus in Plant Metabolism
11.4.2 Phosphate Uptake and Plant Requirements
11.4.3 Indicators of Phosphorus Deficiency and Excess
11.5 Alkaline Cation Nutrition
11.5.1 Magnesium
11.5.2 Calcium
11.5.3 Potassium
Summary
References
12 Carbon Relations
12.1 Photosynthetic CO2 Uptake: Physiological and Physical Basis
12.1.1 Photosynthesis as a Diffusion Process
12.1.2 Evolution of C 3, C4 and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plant Species
12.2 Photosynthesis Models and Calculation of 13C/12C Fluxes (Contribution by A. Arneth)
12.2.1 RubisCO-Limited or RuBP-Saturated Rate (Av)
12.2.2 RuBP Regeneration–Dependent and Electron Transport–Limiting Rate (Aj)
12.2.3 Supply of CO 2 Through Stomata
12.2.4 13C/12C Discrimination
12.3 Specific Leaf Area, Nitrogen Concentrations and Photosynthetic Capacity
12.3.1 Specific Leaf Area
12.3.2 Maximum Rates of CO2 Assimilation
12.4 Response of Photosynthesis to Environmental Variables
12.4.1 Light Response of CO 2 Assimilation
12.4.2 Temperature Response of CO2 Assimilation
12.4.3 Relative Air Humidi
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