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  • 1
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/18
    In: CRREL Report, 76-18
    Description / Table of Contents: Three surface elevation and ice thickness profiles obtained during the 1972 Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment on a multiyear ice floe were analyzed to obtain relationships between surface elevation, thickness and physical properties of the ice. It was found that for ice freeboards from 0.10 m to 1.05 m above sea level a linear relationship between ice density and freeboard could be postulated. The equation for the regression line is: Ice density = -194f' + 974 kg/cu m where f' is the ice freeboard plus snow depth in ice equivalent at the point in question. This statistical relationship is consistent with observed physical properties, which indicate that as the ice freeboard increases, ice salinity decreases and the higher freeboard or thicker ice therefore decreases in density. Using this variable density with freeboard relationship, a model was constructed to predict ice thickness, given ice freeboard and snow depth alone. This prediction is desirable, since snow depth and freeboard are relatively easy to obtain, whereas ice thickness can usually be obtained only by drilling through the ice. The model was compared with two other models. It was found that the variable density prediction model gave the best approximation to observed ice thickness, with a standard error between the measured and predicted value of about 0.4 m, compared with errors from 50 to 100% higher for the other two models.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-18
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Previous work Results Models for predicting thickness from ice freeboard Comparison between measured and predicted thicknesses Spectral behavior of measured and predicted profiles Comparisons of ice thickness using airborne laser profilometry Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Misgivings on isostatic imbalance as a mechanism for sea ice cracking
    Location: AWI Archive
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 2
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory,
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-329
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: General Introduction. - Part I. Spatial and temporal variations in sea ice deformatfon. - Introduction. - Approach. - Site location and data collection procedures. - Data analysis. - Strain results. - Comparison of mesoscale deformation with macroscale deformation. - Nature of the ice pack rotation. - Conciusion. - Literature cited. - Part Il. Comparison of mesoscale strain measurements with linear drift theory predictions. - Introduction. - List of symbols. - Linear drift equations. - Ice drift solutions. - Comparison of theory with mesoscale measurements. - A more general linear constitutive law. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Appendix Relative magnitudes of differential drift forces. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurements of mesoscale sea ice deformation over a region approximately 20 km in diameter were made over a five-week period in the spring of 1972 at the main AIDJEX camp in the Beaufort Sea. They have been analyzed to determine nonlinearities in the ice velocity field (due to the discrete small-scale nature of the ice pack), as well as a continuum mode of deformation represented by a least squares strain rate tensor and vorticity. The deformation rate time series between Julian day 88 and 113 exhibited net areal changes as large as 3% and deformation rates up to 0.16% per hour. In the principal axis coordinate system, the strain rate typically exhibited a much larger compression (or extension) along one axis than along the other. Persistent cycles at ~12-hour wavelengths were observed in the divergence rate. A comparison of the average residual error with the average strain rate magnitude indicated that strains measured on a scale of 10 km or greater can serve as a valid measure of the continuum motion of the sea ice. This conclusion is also substantiated by a comparison between the mesoscale deformation, and macroscale deformation measured over a ~100-km-diameter region. Vorticity calculations indicate that at low temporal frequencies ( 〈 0.04 hr^-1 ) the whole mesoscale array rotates essentially as an entity and consequently the low frequency vorticity can accurately be estimated from the rotation of a single floe. (Part I) A comparison of mesoscale strain measurements with the atmospheric pressure field and the wind velocity field indicated that the ice divergence rate and vorticity followed the local pressure and wind divergence with significant correlation. For low atmospheric pressures and converging winds, the divergence rate was negative with the vorticity being counterclockwise. The inverse behavior was observed for high pressures and diverging winds. This behavior agreed with predictions based upon the infinite boundary solution of a linearized drift theory in the absence of gradient current effects and using the constitutive law proposed by Glen for pack ice. The best least squares values of the constitutive law parameters [Eta] and [Zeta] were found to be given by ~10^12 kg sec^-1. Using typical divergence rates, these values yielded compressive stresses of the magnitude of 10^5 N m^-1, which are similar to values suggested by the Parmerter and Coon ridge model. In general, the infinite boundary solution of the linear drift equation indicates that in a low pressure region that is reasonably localized in space, the ice would be expected to converge for high compactness (winter) and diverge for low compactness (summer). Calculations were also carried out using a more general linear viscoelastic constitutive law that includes memory effects and that includes a generalized Hooke's law as well as the Glen law as special cases. A best fit of this more general calculation with strain measurements indicates, overall, a better agreement with viscous behavior than with elastic behavior, with the frequency behavior of the estimated "viscosities" similar to the Glen law behavior at temporal frequencies less than ~0.01 hr^-1 (Part II)
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 37 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 329
    Language: English
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 16 (1976), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The recording of the stage of growth of crops and weeds by directly photocopying the plants is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 254 (1976), S. 695-715 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La températureT m et l'enthalpie de fusion ont été mesurées sur des cristaux à chaines repliées de fractions de polyoxyéthyléne, de masse moléculaire variant entre 3000 et 10000. Ces cristaux sont constitués par des molécules repliées un nombren entier de fois et ils ont une stabilité thermique inhabituelle. La vitesse de dépliement des chaines a été mesurée lots de la croissance isotherme des cristaux et du chauffage consécutif et l'on a pu définir un critère de stabilité pour des cristaux à chaines repliées. En étendant la théorie deFlory etVrij aux cristaux à chaines repliées et en utilisant les valeurs deT m on a pu estimer les contributions respectives des bouts de chaine et des repliements à l'énergie libre superficielle. Les résultats suggèrent un couplage important, par liaison hydrogène entre les groupes terminaux OH lorsque la surface des cristaux est constituée entièrement de bouts de chaine, l'énergie de couplage étant de 3,1 Kcal/mole. Ce couplage disparait pratiquement par le rephement des chaines. L'analyse des résultats permet aussi d'estimer la longueur des bouts de chaines et celle des repliements qui émergent du réseau cristallin: ils sont formés, respectivement de 2,8 et 3,5 unités de monomère, en moyenne. Les repliements sont serrés et relient des positions adjacentes du réseau. On déduit finalement une expression deT m en fonction de la longueur des chaines et den, paramètres qui déterminent l'épaisseurL du cristal. La comparaison critique de cette relation avec celle généralement utilisée pour déterminer l'énergie libre superficielle, impliquant une variation linéaire deT m avec 1/L, montre que cette dernière ne s'applique en toute rigueur qu'aux chaines de longueur infinie et aux cristaux d'épaisseur supérieure à une valeur critiqueL*.
    Notes: Summary Melting temperatureT m and enthalpy of fusion have been measured, by DSC, for folded chain crystals of low molecular weight poly(ethylene-oxide) fractions ranging from 3000 to 10000. These crystals are formed by molecules folded a small integer number,n, of times and show unusual thermal stability on heating. The rates of chain unfolding during isothermal crystal growth and subsequent heating were measured and a reliable stability criterion could be defined for folded chain polymer crystals. Extending the theoretical treatment ofFlory andVrij to folded chain crystals and usingT m data, a reasonable estimate was derived for the respective surface free energy contributions of chain ends and chain folds. The results suggest considerable hydrogen bonding between OH end groups, with a bonding energy of 3.1 Kcal/mole, when the crystal surface contains only chain ends. Hydrogen bonding is essentially destroyed by chain folding. Further analysis leads to an estimate of the contour length of cilia, associated with chain ends and to that of chain folds containing, on average, 2.8 and 3.5 monomer units respectively. Chain folds must thus be sharp involving adjacent re-entry. Finally, an analytical expression is derived showing the separate dependence ofT m on chain length andn, parameters which determine the crystal thicknessL. Critical comparison of this relationship to that commonly used for determining surface free energies from linearT m vs 1/L plots shows that the latter only applies accurately to chains of infinite length and to crystals of thickness larger than a critical valueL*.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant ecology 33 (1977), S. 175-186 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Festuco-Brometea ; Forbland (Staudenflur) ; Fringe communities (Saumgesellschaften) ; Geranion sanguinei ; Numerical classification (Numerische Klassifikation) ; Quercetea pubescenti-petraeae ; Rumania (Rumänien)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Pflanzengesellschaften charakterisiert durch Sippen einer nach Geranium sanguineum benennten soziologisch-ökologischen Artengruppe, sind im Sommer 1975 in Siebenbürgen (Rumänien) untersucht worden. Konzepten und Methoden der Braun-Blanquet Lehre sind angewendet worden. Falls die Braun-Blanquet Lehre verschicdene Verfahren zulässt, haben wir versucht die Wahl zu erläutern. Die numerische Klassifikation unseren Aufnahmen mittels des polythetischen, agglomerativen TABORD Programm wird erläutert, Die Untersuchungshypothese, dass die Geranium Arten'gruppe ihr Optimum in Staudengesellschaften des Geranion Typus hat, zeigt ihre Validität. Das Geranion enthält entweder natürliche, intrazonale Gesellschaften oder halbnatürliche, ephemere Geselischaften, beide auf Kalziumreichen Böden über Kalkstein, Konglomerat oder Mergel im Bereich der zonalen Vegetation relativ mesophytischer Querceteapubescenti-petraeae und Carpinion dacicum Wälder und des Fagion der niedrigen Höhenlagen. Die ausgesprochene Stenotopie und Kleinflächigkeit des Geranion ist weiter durch Geniessbarkeit für Weidetiere, Verbreitungsanlagen und niedrige Konkurrenzkraft gegenüber Horstgräser der gesellschaftaufbaunden Arten bedingt. Vier Geranion-Assoziationen mit ihren diagnostischen Arten und Differentialkombination ökologischer Komponenten sind beschrieben worden. Der Betonung verschiedener floristischen merkmalen des Geranion oder verschiedene Klassekonzepte können zur Klassifizierung in verschiedenen höheren syntaxonomischen Einheiten führen. The first author thanks Prof. Dr. P. Jakucs (Debrecen) and Dr. Z. Debreczy (Budapest) for excursions and discussions in relation to the theme of the study. The investigatons wre supported, as far as the first author is concerned, by the Foundation for Fundamental Biological Research (BION), which is subsidized by the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (ZWO).
    Notes: Summary Four Transsylvanian Geranion associations with their differentiating combination of ecological components are described. Emphasis on different floristic characteristics. of the Geranion or different class concepts may lead to classification into different higher syntaxonomical units. The hypothesis that the Geranium group species have their optimum in Transsylvania in forb communities of the Geranion type could be validated. The Geranion in Transsylvania is either a natural intrazonal community or a semi-natural, ephemeral community. Both are typical of calcareous soils on limestone, conglomerate or marl in the reach of a zonal vegetation of relatively mesophytic Quercetea pubescenti-petraeae, of Carpinion dacicum and of Fagion forests of the lower montane zone. The restricted habitat and/or time niche of Geranion communities is further explained by the palatability, the dissemination mechanism and the lack of competitive vigour against tuftgrassers of its constructive species.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 2 (1979), S. 81-86 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The characteristic fetures of isobaric volume and enthalpy recovery of glasses are briefly recalled and analysed in terms of a multiparameter model involving a distribution of retardation times, τi. The latter are assumed to depend both on temperature and on the instantaneous state (structure) of the glass, whereas the shape of the retardation spectrum is invariant and merely shifts, as τi, along the logarithmic time scale. Qualitative comparison of the theoretical predictions with various types of experiment reveals an excellent agreement. Some effects of structural recovery on the mechanical, or electrical properties of polymer glasses are also recalled and discussed in terms of the theoretical model The text which follows is merely an extended abstract of the work published elsewhere (see Refs 5 & 10)..
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Isobaric variations of the characteristic temperatures Tg and Tmax, obtained on uniform cooling and heating of glasses, are investigated in terms of their dependence on the relevant experimental variables, using a single retardation time model. The corresponding partial derivatives of Tg and Tmax are derived as functions of the partition parameter x (ranging between zero and unity), which determines the relative contributions of temperature and structure to the retardation time. It is shown that the variation of Tg with the cooling rate is independent of x. In contrast, Tmax critically depends on x, and its value as well as those of its three partial derivatives are linear functions of x-1. The variations of Tmax are analyzed in terms of a set of reduced variables, leading to simple reduction rules between any two of the experimental variables when the third is kept invariant. The reduction rules are further substantiated by investigating the behavior of glasses in two-step thermal cycles, which result in a unique set of inter-relationships between any pair of the partial derivatives of Tmax, whatever the value of x. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance to the behavior of real glasses.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 17 (1979), S. 1097-1162 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A multiordering parameter model for glass-transition phenomena has been developed on the basis of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. In this treatment the state of the glass is determined by the values of N ordering parameters in addition to T and P; the departure from equilibrium is partitioned among the various ordering parameters, each of which is associated with a unique retardation time. These times are assumed to depend on T, P, and on the instantaneous state of the system characterized by its overall departure from equilibrium, giving rise to the well-known nonlinear effects observed in volume and enthalpy recovery. The contribution of each ordering parameter to the departure and the associated retardation times define the fundamental distribution function (the structural retardation spectrum) of the system or, equivalently, its fundamental material response function. These, together with a few experimentally measurable material constants, completely define the recovery behavior of the system when subjected to any thermal treatment. The behavior of the model is explored for various classes of thermal histories of increasing complexity, in order to simulate real experimental situations. The relevant calculations are based on a discrete retardation spectrum, extending over four time decades, and on reasonable values of the relevant material constants in order to imitate the behavior of polymer glasses. The model clearly separates the contribution of the retardation spectrum from the temperature-structure dependence of the retardation times which controls its shifts along the experimental time scale. This is achieved by using the natural time scale of the system which eliminates all the nonlinear effects, thus reducing the response function to the Boltzmann superposition equation, similar to that encountered in the linear viscoelasticity. As a consequence, the system obeys a rate (time) -temperature reduction rule which provides for generalization within each class of thermal treatment. Thus the model establishes a rational basis for comparing theory with experiment, and also various kinds of experiments between themselves. The analysis further predicts interesting features, some of which have often been overlooked. Among these are the impossibility of extraction of the spectrum (or response function) from experiments involving cooling from high temperatures at finite rate; and the appearance of two peaks in the expansion coefficient, or heat capacity, during the heating stage of three-step thermal cycles starting at high temperatures. Finally, the theory also provides a rationale for interpreting the time dependence of mechanical or other structure-sensitive properties of glasses as well as for predicting their long-range behavior.
    Additional Material: 26 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 13 (1975), S. 909-927 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Tridimensional associations of lamellar polymer single crystals, grown from dilute solutions, are described as derived from their sedimentation patterns. These associations include interlocked crystals and decorating crystal halves. The origin of these crystals and their mutual orientation are discussed and tentatively interpreted by specific interactions between the fold surface and the crystallizing chains.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 14 (1976), S. 1575-1590 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Thermal behavior of glasses, as observed from the isobaric variations of volume, v, and enthalpy, H, is analyzed in terms of retardation kinetics. A phenomenological theory involving a single retardation time, τ, is developed, assuming that molecular mobility is controlled essentially by the actual free volume, or configurational entropy of the glassy specimen. The characteristic features of the v and H isobars, as derived from the theory, are examined as a function of the thermal history of a typical glassy specimen. The respective contributions of temperature and structural parameters to τ, are also discussed in terms of the characteristic parameters of the isobars. The theoretical predictions are compared with some dilatometric data obtained with an atactic polystyrene. The comparison reveals the limitations of the theoretical treatment and suggests that glass-transition phenomena involve more than one retardation mechanism.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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