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  • SPACE RADIATION  (16)
  • 1975-1979  (16)
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  • 1
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    Cosmic ray investigation for the Voyager missions: Energetic particle studies in the outer heliosphere - and beyond (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Voyager mission cosmic ray detector system, consisting entirely of solid-state charged-particle detectors, is designed to measure the energy spectrum of electrons in the range 3 to 110 MeV and the energy spectra and elemental composition of cosmic ray nuclei from hydrogen through iron in the range 1 to 500 MeV/nuc; for isotopes of hydrogen through sulfur the range is approximately 2 to 75 MeV/nuc. The cosmic ray investigation deals with the energy content, origin and acceleration process, and dynamics of cosmic rays in the galaxy, with particular attention given to low-energy phenomena in interstellar space and the outer solar system. The precise measurement of three-dimensional stream patterns of nuclei from H to Fe, as well as electrons over a wide energy range, is the data acquisition program emphasized.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 21; Dec. 197
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  • 2
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    A secondary tracer approach to the derivation of galactic cosmic-ray source isotopic abundances (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A formalism has been developed for deriving cosmic-ray source isotopic abundances from observed local abundances using a purely secondary nuclide as a tracer of spallation production during propagation. Although the formalism is based on the leaky-box model of cosmic-ray propagation, it is shown that source abundances derived by the tracer technique are reasonably independent of detailed propagation models. The tracer formalism also permits a quantitative evaluation of the effects of observational uncertainties on deduced source abundances. It is shown that statistical errors in the observed abundances and uncertainties in the spallation cross sections are at present the dominant sources of uncertainty. The latter error can be reduced with increased detector size or exposure time, while the former can be minimized by measurements of the relative production cross sections. As a specific example, the tracer technique is applied to the isotopes of sulfur and calcium, and the level of uncertainties which must be achieved to distinguish evolutionary differences between solar-system material and cosmic ray-source material are established.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 231
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  • 3
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    Splash albedo protons between 4 and 315 MeV at high and low geomagnetic latitudes (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results are reported for measurements of the differential energy spectrum of splash-albedo protons at high geomagnetic latitude during three periods of the last solar cycle as well as at low latitude during one of those periods. The measurements were made with a balloon-borne solid-state detector telescope. Splash-albedo protons with energies between 4 and 315 MeV were observed in fluxes of approximately 81, 70, and 48 protons/sq m per sec per sr at high latitude and in fluxes of approximately 37 protons/sq m per sec per sr at low latitude. It is shown that the difference between the first and third high-latitude measurements was due to solar modulation of the cosmic-ray parent nuclei. The albedo spectrum is found to have a similar shape for both latitudes, and it is suggested that the difference in intensity can be explained by different local geomagnetic cutoffs.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Sept. 1
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  • 4
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    Characteristics of sunward flowing proton and alpha particle fluxes of moderate intensity (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The diffusive streaming of low-energy protons has been found to be predominately toward the sun during periods between prompt solar particle events. This occurs for essentially all solar wind velocities and proton intensities. The average radial component of this anisotropy (14%) and its dependence on the solar wind velocity agree with values found by a steady-state propagation model. The average radial component (16%) of the diffusive flow of low-energy alpha particles is similar to that observed for protons, suggesting a common origin. The sunward diffusion of alpha particles and protons indicates that these slightly enhanced fluxes contain a positive radial gradient. The direction of the diffusive anisotropy is a function of the magnetic field direction.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; July 1
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  • 5
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    Isotopic and elemental composition of the anomalous low-energy cosmic-ray fluxes (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 205; May 1
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  • 6
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    Implications of time variations for the origin of low energy cosmic ray nitrogen and oxygen nuclei (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Time variations have been observed in the quiet time intensities of 5-27 MeV/nuc nitrogen and oxygen and 13-25 MeV/nuc helium nuclei measured by spectrometers aboard IMPs 7 and 8. There is no significant correlation of the O variations with variations in the low intensity fluxes of 1-2 MeV solar protons, but the O intensity is well correlated with the modulation of galactic cosmic rays. These observations indicate that the enhanced low energy N and O fluxes are not of solar origin, and suggest that the acceleration mechanism required by the model of Fisk et al. (1974) must be located far enough from the sun that the singly charged ions, once accelerated, undergo considerable modulation in penetrating to 1 AU. Comparison of the time variations of He and O fluxes may yield information on the charge state of these nuclei, since these variations are strongly correlated and exhibit similar hysteresis effects when compared with the neutron monitor.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 7
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    Observations of low energy interplanetary electrons (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Observations of the temporal behavior of low energy (0.16-6 MeV) at 1 AU are reported. The electron intensity is found to vary by a factor of more than five from one quiet time to another, including short-term enhancements of the type reported at higher electron energies. Over a period of about four months, beginning with the time at which the interplanetary field line first connects earth and Jupiter, the magnitude and frequency of the increases grow abruptly and remain high. The observed longitudinal distribution of Jovian electrons could be the result of the interconnection of the interplanetary field with an extended Jovian magnetotail.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 8
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    Isotopic composition of the anomalous low energy cosmic ray nitrogen and oxygen (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The isotopic composition of the enhanced fluxes of cosmic ray nitrogen and oxygen observed below 30 MeV/nuc is of interest, whether the nuclei are a sample from some nearby galactic source region that is underabundant in carbon, or a sample of the neutral interstellar medium. Enhanced fluxes in the 6 to 12 MeV/nuc energy interval were measured over a two year period with the Caltech Electron/Isotope Spectrometer on IMP-7. The observed low-energy nitrogen and oxygen nuclei are predominantly N-14 and O-16, with upper limits (84% confidence level) of N-15/N below 0.26, O-17/0 below 0.13, and O-18/0 below 0.12 for other isotopes in the 6-12 MeV/nuc energy interval. The implications of these results for the origin of the enhanced nitrogen and oxygen fluxes are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 9
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    The elemental composition of 4-30 MeV/nuc cosmic ray nuclei with Z between 1 and 8 (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The fluxes of elements from lithium through oxygen at energies down to about 4 MeV/nucleon were measured during solar quiet periods from October 1972 to September 1974 by spectrometers aboard IMPs 7 and 8. The energy spectra of Li, Be, B, and C are consistent with those expected from the adiabatic deceleration of higher energy galactic cosmic rays. The He, N, and O fluxes are greatly enhanced, with relative abundances of O/He of about 0.25, O/B of about 100, and O/C of about 30 at energies of 5 to 12.5 MeV/nucleon. There is qualitative agreement between the observed He, N, O, and Ne fluxes and the source abundances estimated from the model proposed by Fisk et al. (1974); however, the observed hydrogen flux is about 1000 times lower than the source hydrogen.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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  • 10
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    The quiet time spectra of low energy hydrogen and helium nuclei (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Measurements of the 1972-1973 quiet time hydrogen and helium spectra from 1.3-40 MeV/nuc are discussed. For both spectra the relative-intensity minimum occurs at lower energies than those reported for earlier years. There is no evidence of a low energy turnup in the He spectrum down to 2.4 MeV/nuc. The spectra indicate that the galactic component dominates down to about 10 MeV; a stable, non-solar He-4 component extends from higher energies down to about 2.4 MeV/nuc. At lower energies the periods of minimum H and He intensity do not coincide, and the relative abundance of H and He at 1.3-2.3 MeV/nuc is variable, with H/He ratios ranging from about 3 to about 10. The observations suggest that the 1.3-2.3 MeV/nuc protons and alphas are of solar origin.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 15, 1975 - Aug 29, 1975; Munich
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