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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (664)
  • 1975-1979  (664)
  • 1
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    Radio science investigations with Voyager (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Radio links to and from the Voyager spacecraft will be used for occultation measurements of planetary and satellite atmospheres and ionospheres, the rings of Saturn, the solar corona, and the general-relativistic time delay for radio wave propagation through the solar gravity field. In addition, the radio link measurements may provide information on the gravity fields of the planets, the masses of the satellites, properties of the interplanetary medium, and long-wavelength gravitational radiation propagation in the solar system.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 21; Nov. 197
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Radio science with Voyager at Jupiter - Initial Voyager 2 results and a Voyager 1 measure of the Io torus (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: About 22 hours after its closest approach to Jupiter, Voyager 2 passed behind the planet as viewed from the earth. Although the spacecraft was geometrically occulted for nearly two hours, the radio links between it and the earth were maintained almost continuously because of the refraction of the signals in Jupiter's south polar atmosphere. A figure shows the plane-of-the-sky geometry of this grazing occultation and preliminary data on the intensity of the spacecraft radio signals as received by the tracking station at Goldstone, California. The intensity data indicate a classic atmospheric occultation profile and the effects of turbulence and ionospheric focusing and defocusing. Analysis of the dispersive ionospheric refraction data yields preliminary profiles for the topside ionosphere at 66.7 deg S (entry in the evening) and 50.1 deg S (exit in the morning) that are reversed with respect to corresponding Voyager 1 profiles in terms of plasma concentration at a fixed altitude. Preliminary reduction of the preencounter occultation of Voyager 1 by the Io torus gives an average plasma density of about 1000 e/cu cm.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 206; Nov. 23
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Radio science with Voyager 1 at Jupiter - Preliminary profiles of the atmosphere and ionosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A preliminary profile of the atmosphere of Jupiter in the South Equatorial Belt shows (1) the tropopause occurring at a pressure level of 100 millibars and temperature of about 113 K, (2) a higher warm inversion layer at about the 35-millibar level, and (3) a lower-altitude constant lapse rate matching the adiabatic value of about 2 K/km, with the temperature reaching 150 K at the 600-millibar level. Preliminary afternoon and predawn ionospheric profiles at 12 deg and near the equator, respectively, have topside plasma scale heights of 590 km changing to 960 km above an altitude of 3500 km for the dayside, and about 960 km at all measured heights above the peak for the nightside. The higher value of scale height corresponds to a plasma temperature of 1100 K under the assumption of a plasma of protons and electrons in ambipolar diffusive equilibrium. The peak electron concentration in the upper ionosphere is approximately 200,000/cu cm for the dayside and about a factor of 10 less for the nightside. These peaks occur at altitudes of 1600 and 2300 km, respectively. Continuing analyses are expected to extend and refine these results, and to be used to investigate other regions and phenomena.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 204; June 1
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    The surface and interior of Venus (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The present knowledge of Venus is reviewed with discussions of the nature and history of both the surface, crust and interior. Instrumentation on board the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, including the radar mapper, radio tracking and the fluxgate magnetometer, is described. Topographic, geological, Bouguer gravity, magnetic, and crustal thickness maps will be constructed from Orbiter data. These maps should provide information on composition and thermal history, the major geological or geophysical provinces, the rate of past and present tectonic activity, and evidence of past or present MHD dynamos.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; June 197
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  • 5
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    Airborne ultraviolet studies of Venus (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Airborne ultraviolet studies of Venus were carried out during the NASA-ESO Space Shuttle simulation program. The primary wavelength region monitored was between 2950 and 3350 A in the third order. Measurements of solar radiation reflected from Venus were obtained on five flights at elevation angles of 15-30 deg. Direct solar and lunar spectra were obtained for the same elevation angles during two of the flights. Typical solar and Venutian spectra are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 261; May 6
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  • 6
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    Voyager imaging experiment (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Voyager imaging experiment, which involves two independently operated television systems (a narrow- and a wide-angle camera), is designed to conduct investigations of the atmospheres and surface properties of Jupiter, Saturn, their satellites and Saturn's rings. Objects of the investigations include the horizontal and vertical structure of visible clouds, the vertical structure of high, optically thin scattering layers on Jupiter and Saturn, the Great Red Spot, the South Equatorial Belt, chromophores on Io and Titan, the geology of several satellites, the masses, spin axes and periods of rotation of several satellites, the radial distribution of material in Saturn's rings, and the optical scattering properties of the primaries, rings, and satellites at a variety of wavelengths and phase angles.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 21; Nov. 197
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  • 7
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    Pioneer Venus radar mapper experiment (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Altimetry and radar scattering data for Venus, obtained from 10 of the first 13 orbits of the Pioneer Venus orbiter, have disclosed what appears to be a rift valley having vertical relief of up to 7 kilometers, as well as a neighboring, gently rolling plain. Planetary oblateness appears unlikely to exceed 1/2500 and may be substantially smaller.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 203; Feb. 23
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  • 8
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    Venus - Preliminary topographic and surface imaging results from the Pioneer Orbiter (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Three large Venus surface features, identified previously in images obtained from earth-based radar observations, are shown by the Pioneer Venus radar mapper to be elevated 5 to 10 km above the surrounding terrain. Two of these features, one bright and the other dark, lie adjacent to each other astride the 65 N parallel between longitudes 310 E and 10 E. The combined region forms a huge tectonically uplifted plateau, surmounted by radar-bright ridges that may have either a volcanic or tectonic origin. The third feature, located at 30 N, 283 E, is radar-bright and may consist of volcanic material extruded along a fault zone. A first radar-scattering image, compiled from data obtained by the mapper in its imaging mode, shows a region north of the equator; several circular depressions seen in this area may result from meteoritic impact.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 205; July 6
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  • 9
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    Preliminary geological mapping of Io (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A preliminary summary of information gained by Voyager 1 on the colored, terrain and landform surface units of Io and their global distribution is presented. Colored units are classified as white to bluish-white regions which may be sulfur or sulfur dioxide deposits, red, orange, or yellow regions thought to contain various sublimates or alterations of sulfur, brownish regions limited to the polar areas and dark brown areas surrounding some vents. Terrain features observed include plains broken by scarps, isolated mountainous regions and volcanic vents resembling terrestrial caldera or pit craters. Maps of the distribution of these features, compiled by photogeological mapping techniques developed for terrestrial volcanic mapping, are presented, and the implications of the surface unit distributions for the volcanology, crustal composition, internal convection patterns and surface age of Io are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 280; Aug. 30
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  • 10
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    Evidence for the presence of low molecular weight alcohols and carbonyl compounds in the Murchison meteorite (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics; 11; Sept. 30
    Format: text
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