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  • 1975-1979  (25)
  • 1965-1969  (29)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 16 (1978), S. 279-287 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Optical projection of masks is a very troublesome task if dimensions are in the submicron range. It is difficult to get an undistorted image in the resist. This problem can be overcome by introducing corrections in the penultimate mask. Till now this has been done by a trial and error method in which an acceptable pattern is made only after a time consuming iterative process. In this paper a description will be given of the image forming process in which diffraction at the penultimate mask and at the aperture of the lens are the critical features. Based upon this theory correction formulas are derived for the direct design of penultimate masks. Rules for maximum edge sharpness are given, so that the tolerance demands on the production process can be relaxed. Extensive experimental measurements are in good agreement with theory. It will be shown theoretically as well as practically that by asymmetrical arrangement of the optical system images of gratings with 0.2–0.3 μm linewidth can be obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 4 (1975), S. 119-136 
    ISSN: 0084-6589
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 26 (1977), S. 361-379 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ursprung und Lebenslauf einer Gewitterlinie, die auf dem südafrikanischen Plateau beobachtet wurde, werden besprochen. Diese Gewitterlinie war mit einer Kaltfront assoziiert, was im allgemeinen in diesem Teil Südafrikas nicht der Fall ist. Die Gewitterlinie bewegte sich mit 35 km/h nach Nordosten, wesentlich schneller als die Front und mit einer mehr nördlichen Komponente als die Höhenwinde. Sie war mindestens 400 km lang, mit einem ununterbrochenen Mittelstück von 110 bis 130 km und nicht miteinander verbundenen Gewittern zu beiden Seiten. Im Raum von Johannesburg und Pretoria fiel Hagel von verschiedenen Gewitterzellen auf kleine Flächen. Radar Echos waren selten höher als 8 km über der Stationshöhe (1490 m über d. M.). Eine Gewitterzelle des Mittelstückes verstärkte sich in Intensität, Höhe und horizontaler Ausbreitung, während sie über Pretoria zog (die Echoobergrenze war zwischen 10 und 11 km); dabei fielen Hagelschlossen bis zu 3 cm Durchmesser. So wie die Nachbarzellen bewegte auch sie sich außergewöhnlich schnell und beinahe parallel zur Längsachse der Gewitterlinie (ostwärts mit 65 km/h) gemäß den Höhenwinden zwischen 600 und 500 mb. Der Echokern war auffällig nach Ostsüdosten geneigt was von der starken Windscherung verursacht wurde. Im Bereich dieses Überhanges fiel der Hagel bevor es am Boden anfing zu regnen.
    Notes: Summary The origin and life cycle of a squall line observed on the South African plateau are reviewed. The squall line was associated with a cold front whereas most squall lines in the subtropical part of the continent are not. It moved to the north-east and to the left of the upper winds at a speed of 35 km/h, which was considerably faster than that of the front. The squall line was at least 400 km long, with an unbroken central region of 110 to 130 km, on both sides of which were well-separated storms. In the area of Johannesburg and Pretoria, small patches of hail were produced by various cells. Radar echoes above 8 km AGL1 were rare. One cell of the unbroken portion while passing over Pretoria intensified rapidly, extended in all three dimensions (echo top up to 11 km AGL) and produced hailstones of up to 3 cm in diameter. Like its neighbouring cells, it moved exceptionally fast and almost parallel to the long axis of the squall line (eastewards at 65 km/h), following the winds between 600 and 500 mb. The echo core was tilted significantly towards east-south-east as a result of the strong wind shear. In the region of this overhang hailstones reached the ground before the onset of rain.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 206 (1967), S. 184-188 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Some Ar II transition probabilities were measured absolutely using a tungsten ribbon lamp as a calibration standard. The plasma was produced by a conical Theta-pinch. Gas mixtures of H∶Ar and He∶Ar were used to exclude inhomogeneity of the layer as a possible source of error. Electron densities and temperatures were determined by measuring Hydrogen and Helium line profiles respectively, and line to continuum intensity ratios. The measured values can be compared with results of earlier experiments and with newer theoretical calculations. The agreement between the results of this experiment and the theoretical values is satisfactory.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 206 (1967), S. 309-318 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A homogeneous and thermal plasma was produced by a modified T-tube. In a shot to shot analysis the lines of several multiplets of singly ionized Nitrogen were investigated as to their Starkeffect. Densities were determined by comparing the measured halfwidths of some neutral Helium-lines with the well established theory of Starkbroadening of these lines. The temperature followed from the relative intensities of the measured Helium- and Nitrogenlines assuming partial thermal equilibrium. The results of this experiment deviate from previous measurements ofDay et al. as well as from the theory of Starkbroadening in isolated lines of the heavier elements byGriem. It is shown (1) that the broadening in N II is a rough factor of two larger than theoretically expected, (2) that linebroadening in N II is proportional to the density, (3) that the Stark broadened lines follow dispersion profiles to the distance of several halfwidths from the line center.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 207 (1967), S. 404-410 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experimental results concerning the density-dependent relative populations of two energetically different states of the singly ionized Oxygenatom are compared to theory. Opposed to the latter, the experiment gave relative populations consistent with the thermodynamic equilibrium assumption down to electron densities of 1016(cm−3). The plasma was produced by a modifiedT-tube and the measured effect may be a peculiarity of the particular plasma investigated. The conclusion may be drawn that the plasma radiates in thermal equilibrium at much lower densities than theoretically expected. If a theoretical estimate ofGriem may be assumed formally correct, a correction factor of the order of ten can be applied. This granted, even the states of doubly ionized species may be assumed to be populated as in thermal equilibrium at densities exceeding 1017(cm−3).
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 53 (1966), S. 481-482 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 191 (1966), S. 503-507 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract According to two different theories the 4686å-line of ionized Helium should be blue-shifted by measurable amounts. In the attempt of a precision measurement of the effect under several different plasma conditions no displacement could be found within the experimental accuracy of ±0.3å. A previous measurement is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 199 (1967), S. 445-455 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that by solely measuring intensities without explicit knowledge of the plasmatemperature or density absolute transition probabilities in the higher ions can be obtained. To do this one procures a mixture of Helium with the testgas and uses Helium as the “thermometergas” by determining the relative intensities of chosen He I and He II transitions. This measurement, however, is not used to determine an actual temperature but rather to deduce directly the relative populations in the test-gas-ions. This becomes possible if for certain levels a combination of ionization- and exitation potentials results in the same value for Helium and the testgas. An experimental test has been performed with Oxygen as an example and absolute O III-oszillator strength are quoted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract With sources obtained from the on-line mass separator LOHENGRIN the beta-decay energies of131Sn,134Sb,135,136Te,143,146Ba and146La have been determined from measuredβ-endpoint energies. The experimental values are compared with the predictions of several mass formulae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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