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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assimilation efficiency of a temperate-zone intertidal fish (Cebidichthys violaceus) fed diets of macroalgae (1982)
    Springer
    Marine biology 67 (1982), S. 247-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied assimilation efficiencies of the temperate-zone intertidal fish Cebidichthys violaceus (Girard, 1854) fed in the laboratory on each of the following species of macroalgae: Spongomorpha coalita (Chlorophyta), Ulva lobata (Chlorophyta), Iridaea flaccida (Rhodophyta) and Porphyra perforata (Rhodophyta). Together, these 4 algae make up over 75% of the natural summer diet of C. violaceus. Assimilation efficiency was calculated by proximate organic analysis of food and feces; the amount of ash in food and feces was used as a standard. Depending on the algal species, the fish assimilated 43 to 81% of the protein, 21 to 44% of the lipid, 45 to 62% of the carbohydrate and 31 to 52% of all three classes of organic material combined. These data are the first results showing that a temperate-zone marine fish can assimilate macroalgal constituents. Protein, carbohydrate and total organic material were absorbed more efficiently from rhodophytes than from chlorophytes. Conversely, lipid was absorbed more efficiently from chlorophytes than from rhodophytes. These results are compared with previous work showing that C. violaceus in nature eats more chlorophytes than rhodophytes, but in laboratory preference tests prefers rhodophytes to chlorophytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397665
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary selectivity in the field and food preferences in the laboratory for two herbivorous fishes (Cebidichthys violaceus and Xiphister mucosus) from a temperate intertidal zone (1982)
    Springer
    Marine biology 67 (1982), S. 237-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diets and food selectivity of two stichaeid fishes (Cebidichthys violaceus and Xiphister mucosus) from the rocky intertidal zone of the central California coast (USA) were studied at each season of the year by gut content analysis and abundance measurements of potential macrophyte food items. Both fishes, after reaching a standard length of about 44 mm, were almost exclusively herbivorous. The bulk of the diet consisted of 8 to 10 species of chlorophytes and rhodophytes. These main dietary components were chiefly annual seaweeds with high surfaceto-weight ratios (sheetlike forms or small, highly branched forms). Perennial seaweeds were eaten in relatively large amounts only during the winter. Macrophytes eaten in only trace amounts included about 20 species of chlorophytes, chrysophytes, phaeophytes, rhodophytes and a spermatophyte. The small amount of animal material in the diet (never more than 2% by weight) could well have been ingested incidentally while the fishes were feeding on seaweeds. Food preference tests with up to 19 macrophyte species in the laboratory revealed that both fishes chose to eat three annual rhodophytes (Smithora naiadum, Porphyra perforata and Microcladia coulteri) in preference to Ulva lobata, an annual chlorophyte that was more abundant in the diets of field-caught specimens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397664
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimal diets in complex environments: feeding strategies of two herbivorous fishes from a temperate rocky intertidal zone (1983)
    Springer
    Oecologia 58 (1983), S. 345-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The seasonal diets of Cebidichthys violaceus and Xiphister mucosus, two herbivorous fishes from the complex, multifood environment of the central California rocky intertidal zone, were partially consistent with three predictions of optimal diet models based on energy maximization: 1) The prediction that at high food densities a forager should concentrate solely on the energetically most valuable items was incompletely met by these two fish species. C. violaceus and X. mucosus increased their consumption of energy-rich annual macrophytes during periods (summer and fall) of high food abundance, but nevertheless continued to take a mixed diet. 2) The prediction that abundance of lower-valued foods does not determine their inclusion in the diet was largely upheld by the feeding habits of these two intertidal fishes. The probability of an item being consumed apparently depends upon its abundance as well as its chemical composition. 3) The prediction that foragers will generalize as food abundance declines was largely met by the two fishes since their diets broadened considerably during periods (e.g. winter) of reduced food supply. Furthermore, diets of the two species converged during periods of high food abundance and diverged during months of low food abundance. Whether this seasonal pattern of overlap was due to interspecific competition or other factors is unknown. This study, in agreement with other recent investigations, indicates that optimal diet models cannot be based solely on energy maximization but should also include nutrient constraints in order to more accurately predict the seasonally fluctuating mixed diets of these fishes and other generalist herbivores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00385234
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  • 4
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    Assimilation efficiency of a temperate-zone intertidal fish (Cebidichthys violaceus) fed diets of macroalgae (1982)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0025-3162
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1793
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 5
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    Dietary selectivity in the field and food preferences in the laboratory for two herbivorous fishes (Cebidichthys violaceus and Xiphister mucosus) from a temperate intertidal zone (1982)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0025-3162
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1793
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 6
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    Optimal diets in complex environments: feeding strategies of two herbivorous fishes from a temperate rocky intertidal zone (1983)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0029-8549
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1939
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 7
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    Software reliability: A comparison of results obtained from established software reliability models (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Two models of the software error detection process are compared, the Jelinski-Moranda model and a Bayes inference model. Simulation techniques are used to generate software related system failure data which is analyzed by both models. Point estimates and confidence limits are compared. It is demonstrated that uncertainty may be considerable for reasonable samples sizes and should be considered in any application of these techniques. The Jelinski-Moranda model is sensitive to the failure of data to follow internal assumptions of the model, often not providing any point estimates, a factor which may limit its usefulness in many real world situations. The Bayes model is shown to respond to the introduction of additional errors in the software correction process, a condition where error counting models such as the Jelinski-Moranda generally fail to converge.
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. from the Fifth Ann. Software Eng. Workshop; 25 p
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Scaled Runge-Kutta algorithms for handling dense output (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Low order Runge-Kutta algorithms are developed which determine the solution of a system of ordinary differential equations at any point within a given integration step, as well as at the end of each step. The scaled Runge-Kutta methods are designed to be used with existing Runge-Kutta formulas, using the derivative evaluations of these defining algorithms as the core of the system. For a slight increase in computing time, the solution may be generated within the integration step, improving the efficiency of the Runge-Kutta algorithms, since the step length need no longer be severely reduced to coincide with the desired output point. Scaled Runge-Kutta algorithms are presented for orders 3 through 5, along with accuracy comparisons between the defining algorithms and their scaled versions for a test problem.
    Keywords: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
    Type: NASA-CR-164559 , DFVLR-FB-81-13
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    A computer program for determining truncation error coefficients for Runge-Kutta methods (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The basic structure of a program to generate the truncation error coefficients for Runge-Kutta (RK) methods is reformulated to reduce storage requirements significantly and to accommodate variable dimensioning. This FORTRAN program, SUBROUTINE RKEQ, determines truncation error coefficients for RK algorithms for orders 1 through 10 and extends the order of coefficients through 12 with the 11th- and 12th-order terms determined following the patterns used to establish the lower order coefficients. Both subroutines (the original and RKEQ) are also written to treat RK m-fold methods which utilize m known derivatives of f to increase the order of the algorithm. Setting m = 0 gives the classical RK algorithm.
    Keywords: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
    Type: NASA-TM-81143 , JSC-16429 , REPT-80-FM-13
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Scaled Runge-Kutta algorithms for treating the problem of dense output (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A set of scaled Runge-Kutta algorithms for the third- through fifth-orders are developed to determine the solution at any point within the integration step at a relatively small increase in computing time. Each scaled algorithm is designed to be used with an existing Runge-Kutta formula, using the derivative evaluations of the defining algorithm along with an additional derivative evaluation (or two). Third-order, scaled algorithms are embedded within the existing formulas at no additional derivative expense. Such algorithms can easily be adopted to generate interpolating polynomials (or dependent variable stops) efficiently.
    Keywords: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
    Type: NASA-TM-58239 , NAS 1.15:58239 , S-513
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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