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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 15 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Thermal fatigue experiments performed with an austenitic steel give rise to an irregular pattern of cracks on the specimen surface. The investigations are aimed at characterizing the patterns in quantitative terms and at discerning trends with increasing numbers of cycles. Statistical methods based on different models of stochastic geometry are applied to take into account the random influence in pattern formation. Descriptive statistics as well as stochastic models are used to characterize the damage level. The stochastic models, such as fibre processes and random mosaics, will finally correlate the physical damage process with the random crack pattern observed. It is shown in this paper how the statistical characteristics of the random crack patterns can be related to the statistical characteristics of the stochastic models and the way the physical nature of the damage process influences these quantities.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 339 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: This review deals with the events which are triggered in tissue culture cells upon exposure to medium hyperosmolarity, to virus infection and to inducers of terminal differentiation. Increased medium osmolarity mimics, in several ways, events which follow infection of cells by cytopathogenic viruses. These are: inhibition of uptake of amino acids, glucose and uridine, the release or activation of a low molecular weight substance which mediates an immediate and specific inhibition of polypeptide chain initiation, and alteration in the phosphorylation state of ribosomal proteins. All these effects appear to be related to or be a consequence of membrane alterations. Similar alterations in transport and protein synthesis are initiated in Friend erythroleukemic cells upon induction of terminal differentiation.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 133-136 (Jan. 1993), p. 627-632 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 37 (1991), S. 1441-1453 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch Gesamtdruckmessungen mittels eines Membrannullmanometers wurden Phasenbarogramme der Systeme GeI4-I2, GeI4-BiI3 und GeI4-HgI2 ermittelt und die resultierenden Phasendiagramme mit den an Hand von DTA-Messungen erhaltenen verglichen. Alle diese Systeme besitzen einen eutektischen Punkt.
    Notes: Abstract The phase barograms of the systems GeI4-I2, GeI4-BiI3 and GeI4-HgI2 were determined by total pressure measurements in a membrane zero manometer and the resulting phase diagrams were compared with those obtained by DTA measurements. All the systems were single eutectics.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Materials science 27 (1991), S. 551-555 
    ISSN: 1573-885X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusions In this paper, some ideas concerning the statistical modelling of damage on a microstructural level and its relation to macroscopic quantities are given. Two examples using different kinds of approaches for the damage modelling are presented. In the first part, creep damage of an austenitic steel is modelled in a phenomenological way according to experimental observations. This leads to patterns of simulated grain boundary failure, which are in qualitative agreement with experimental findings. A method is indicated how to incorporate micromechanical models in macroscopic relations for creep behavior. In the second part, a micromechanical model for creep damage of alumina is incorporated into the simulated grain boundary structure. Characteristic patterns of the different simulation procedures are shown. As a first step, the results seem to be encouraging. The advantages of the use of stochastic geometry methods in the light of the possible inclusion of more sophisticated models for grain boundary failure and the interaction effects of cavitated grain boundary facets are twofold: Any kind of grain boundary failure can be handled by the stochastic model which is therefore applicable for different kinds of material. Interaction effects of cavitated grain boundary facets can be handled in a very efficient way, which allows the simulation of realistic configurations without a prohibitively large amount of computing time. The framework of the stochastic geometry seems therefore to be a very efficient tool for the development of micromechanical damage models and their relation to a macroscopic description of damage.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 590 (1990), S. 161-172 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Thermal Decomposition of Hg2I2 and the Hg—I State DiagramSolid Hg2I2 decomposes congruently in Hg and HgI2. The entropy S°(Hg2I2,s,298) = (55,5 ± 1) cal/K · mol and the enthalpy of formation ΔHf°(Hg2I2, s, 298) = (-30,0 ± 2) kcal/mol are derived from the decomposition equilibrium. The phase diagram of the whole system Hg—I was constructed from investigations by DTA and total pressure measurements in the partial systems Hg—Hg2I2, Hg2I2—HgI2, and HgI2—I2. It follows, that Hg2I2 melts incongruently at 297°C and decomposes in a Hg-rich and HgI2-rich melt. The emerging miscibility gap is assumed to close at a temperature near 500°C.
    Notes: Festes Hg2I2 zersetzt sich kongruent in Hg und HgI2. Aus dem Zersetzungsgleichgewicht werden die Standardentropie S°(Hg2I2, f, 298) = (55,5 ± 1) cal/K · mol und die Bildungsenthalpie ΔHb°(Hg2I2, f, 298) = (-30,0 ± 2) kcal/mol hergeleitet.Differentialthermoanalytische Untersuchungen über den Gesamtbereich Hg—I und Gesamtdruckmessungen in den Teilsystemen Hg—Hg2I2, Hg2I2—HgI2 und HgI2—I2 liefern das Zustandsdiagramm Hg—I. Es folgt, daß Hg2I2 bei 297°C inkongruent schmilzt und sich in eine Hg-reiche und HgI2-reiche Schmelze zersetzt. Die Mischungslücke schließt sich oberhalb 500°C.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 606 (1991), S. 41-49 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Yttrium copper oxides ; e.m.f. measurements ; enthalpies of formation ; standard entropies ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermochemical Investigations on the Compounds YCuO2 and Y2Cu2O5It has been investigated the oxygen partial pressure of the decomposition of the ternary compounds YCuO2 and Y2Cu2O5 in dependence from the temperature in the temperature range 1050-1330 K by using the e.m.f. method. The enthalpies of formation and the standard entropies of the two compounds have been derived basing on measured e.m.f. values.
    Notes: Die Temperaturfunktionen des Sauerstoffzersetzungsdruckes der ternären Phasen YCuO2 und Y2Cu2O5 wurden im Temperaturbereich von 1 050 bis 1 330 K unter Anwendung von Festelektrolytmeßzellen bestimmt. Ausgehend von den gemessenen EMK-Werten wurden die Standardbildungsenthalpie sowie die Standardentropien der ternären Phasen berechnet.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 601 (1991), S. 83-92 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Bismuth triiodide ; decomposition equilibrium ; transport equilibrium ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on the Decomposition Equilibrium BiI3 ⇌ BiI + I2 and Transport Equilibrium 2Bi + BiI3 ⇌ 3BiIWe determined the decomposition equilibrium (1) and the transport equilibrium (2) by a membranezeromanometer and by CTR experiments. The enthalpy of formation for BiI was concluded from the equilibrium constants. With the standard entropy \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm S}^{\rm 0} ({\rm BiI, g, 298}) = 65.8 \pm 0.2\,{\rm cal/K} \cdot {\rm mol} $$\end{document} follow the values \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \Delta {\rm H}_{\rm f}^0 ({\rm BiI, g, 298}) = 20.1 \pm 4\,{\rm kcal/mol} $$\end{document} from the first, and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \Delta {\rm H}_{\rm f}^0({\rm BiI, g, 298}) = 22.0 \pm 2\,{\rm kcal/mol} $$\end{document} from the second equation, by both methods.
    Notes: Das Zersetzungsgleichgewicht BiIl3, g = BiI, g + I2, g (1) und das Transportgleichgewicht 2Bi, fl + BiI3, g = 3BiI, g (2) wurden im Membrannullmanometer gemessen und letzteres auch durch chemische Transportreaktionen ermittelt. Aus den Gleichgewichtskonstanten wurde die Bildungsenthalpie des BiI, g hergeleitet. Man erhält mit der Standardentropie \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm S}^{\rm 0} ({\rm BiI, g, 298}) = 65,8 \pm 0,2\,{\rm cal/K} \cdot {\rm mol} $$\end{document} aus ersterem Gleichgewicht \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \Delta {\rm H}_{\rm B}^0 ({\rm BiI, g, 298}) = 20,1 \pm 4\,{\rm kcal/mol,} $$\end{document} und aus letzterem nach beiden Herleitungen \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \Delta {\rm H}_{\rm B}^0 = 22,0 \pm 2\,{\rm kcal/mol}{\rm .} $$\end{document}.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 617 (1992), S. 131-135 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Bismuth oxideiodide ; formation enthalpies ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Calorimetry of Bismuth Oxidehalides. III. Bismuth OxideiodideThe heat of solution of all known solid phases in the system Bi2O3 - Bil3 in 4n HI were investigated. To compare the data they were converted to the standardized formula Bi2O3-y/2Iy with 0 ≤ Y ≤ 2. The data see “Inhaltsübersicht”.
    Notes: Die Lösungswärmen der bekannten festen Phasen des Systems Bi2O3—BiI3: BiOI, Bi4O5I2, Bi7O9I3 und Bi5O7I und der Randphasen Bi2O3 und BiI3 wurden in 4n HI ermittelt und die Bildungsenthalpien hergeleitet.Zum Vergleich der Werte untereinander erfolgte eine Normierung auf die Formel Bi2O3-y/2Iy mit 0 ≤ Y ≤ 2.Die Bildungsenthalpien der komplexen Bismutoxidiodide schließen unter Umgehung des Wertes für Bi(OH)3,Lsg an die Bildungsenthalpien von Bi2O3,f; HI3,Lsg und H2O an.Die Werte für die festen Oxidiodide bei 298 K betragen: Die Bildungsenthalpie des BiI3 beträgt:
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 615 (1992), S. 123-126 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Bismuth Oxidebromides ; calorimetry ; enthalpies of formation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Calorimetry of Bismuth Oxidhalides. II. Bismuth OxidebromidesThe heat solution of all known solid phases in the system Bi2O3/BiBr3 in 4n HBr were investigated. To compare the data they were converted to the standardized formula Bi2O3-y/2BryBry with 0 ≤ y ≤ 2. The enthalphies of formation of the complex bismuthoxidebromides are based on the enthalpies of Bi2O3,f HBr,Lsg and H2O circumventing the value for Bi(OH)3,Lsg.
    Notes: Die Lösungswärme der bekannten festen Phasen des Systems Bi2O3/BiBr3 wurden in 4n HBr ermittelt. Zum Vergleich der Werte untereinander erfolgte eine Normierung auf die Formel Bi2O3-y/2Bry mit 0 ≤ y ≤ 2. Die Bildungsenthalpien der komplexen Bismutoxidbromide schließen unter Umgehung des Wertes für Bi(OH)3,Lsg an die Bildungsenthalpien von Bi2O3,f, HBr,Lsg und H2O an.Die Werte bei 298 K betragen für die festen Oxidbromide: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{l} \Delta {\rm H}_{\rm B}^{\rm o} ({\rm Bi}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}_{{\rm 2,833}} {\rm Br}_{{\rm 0,333}}) = - 143,7 \pm 1,3\,{\rm kcal/mol} \\ \Delta {\rm H}_{\rm B}^{\rm o} ({\rm Bi}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}_{{\rm 2,667}} {\rm Br}_{{\rm 0,666}}) = - 149,5 \pm 1,4\,{\rm kcal/mol} \\ \Delta {\rm H}_{\rm B}^{\rm o} ({\rm Bi}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}_{{\rm 2,583}} {\rm Br}_{{\rm 0,833}}) = - 150,5 \pm 1,5\,{\rm kcal/mol} \\ \Delta {\rm H}_{\rm B}^{\rm o} ({\rm Bi}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}_{{\rm 2,500}} {\rm Br}_{{\rm 1,000}}) = - 153,6 \pm 1,5\,{\rm kcal/mol} \\ \Delta {\rm H}_{\rm B}^{\rm o} ({\rm Bi}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}_{{\rm 2,000}} {\rm Br}_{{\rm 2,000}}) = - 163,5 \pm 2,0\,{\rm kcal/mol} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} Die Bildungsenthalpie für BiBr3 beträgt: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \Delta {\rm H}_{\rm B}^{\rm o} ({\rm BiBr}_{\rm 3},{\rm f,298}) = - 70,4 \pm 1,8\,{\rm kcal/mol} $$\end{document}.
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