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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Connectionism: past, present, and future (1989)
    Springer
    Artificial intelligence review 3 (1989), S. 3-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7462
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Research efforts to study computation and cognitive modeling on neurally-inspired mechanisms have come to be called Connectionism. Rather than being brand new, it is actually the rebirth of a research programme which thrived from the 40s through the 60s and then was severely retrenched in the 70s. Connectionism is often posed as a paradigmatic competitor to the Symbolic Processing tradition of Artificial Intelligence (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1988), and, indeed, the counterpoint in the timing of their intellectual and commercial fortunes may lead one to believe that research in cognition is merely a zero-sum game. This paper surveys the history of the field, often in relation to AI, discusses its current successes and failures, and makes some predictions for where it might lead in the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00139193
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ozone, dust, smoke and humidity in nuclear winter (1985)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 317 (1985), S. 21-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-We wish to comment on recent correspondence on nuclear winter. Brown1 draws attention to the Tunguska meteor explosion of 1908, which was estimated through aerodynamic calculations to have generated up to 30 million tons of NO, similar to the amount generated by about 6,000 megatons of nuclear ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/317021a0
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
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    A hybrid model of the CO 2 geochemical cycle and its application to large impact events (1986)
    American Journal of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0002-9599
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-452X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Journal of Science
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 4
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    Ozone, dust, smoke and humidity in nuclear winter (1985)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 5
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    Planetesimal dissolution in the envelopes of the forming, giant planets (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An evaluation is made of the capacity of planetesimals to penetrate the envelopes of giant planets during their growth phase, by means of a core instability mechanism in which the growing core becomes gradually more adept in the gravitational concentration of gas from its solar nebula environment, until a runaway gas accretion occurs. If most of the accreted mass is contained in planetesimals larger that about 1 km, the critical core mass for runaway accretion will not significantly change when planetesimal dissolution is taken into account; it is accordingly suggested that giant planet envelopes should contain above-solar proportions of virtually all elements, relative to hydrogen.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 67; 409-443
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    A calculation of the Rosseland mean opacity of dust grains in primordial solar system nebulae (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Rosseland mean opacity owing to grains was calculated as a function of temperature and density for nebulae having solar elemental abundances. The values of the mean opacity were evaluated with a generalized formulation allowing for anisotropic scattering. The values of the mean opacity do not depend sensitively on the choice of the particle size distribution function, provided that there are few particles having sizes in excess of several tens of microns. The results indicate that thermal convection in primordial nebulae occurs over broader ranges of altitudes at low temperatures than at high temperatures, and for size distributions for which extensive aggregation has not yet occurred.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 64; 471-492
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Neptune's wind speeds obtained by tracking clouds in Voyager images (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Images of Neptune obtained by the narrow-angle camera of the Voyager 2 spacecraft reveal large-scale cloud features that persist for several months or longer. The features' periods of rotation about the planetary axis range from 15.8 to 18.4 hours. The atmosphere equatorward of -53 deg rotates with periods longer than the 16.05-hour period deduced from Voyager's planetary radio astronomy experiment (presumably the planet's internal rotation period). The wind speeds computed with respect to this radio period range from 20 meters per second eastward to 325 meters per second westward. Thus, the cloud-top wind speeds are roughly the same for all the planets ranging from Venus to Neptune, even though the solar energy inputs to the atmospheres vary by a factor of 1000.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 245; 1367-136
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Theories of the origin and evolution of the giant planets (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Following the accretion of solids and gases in the solar nebula, the giant planets contracted to their present sizes over the age of the solar system. It is presently hypothesized that this contraction was rapid, but not hydrodynamic; at a later stage, a nebular disk out of which the regular satellites formed may have been spun out of the outer envelope of the contracting giant planets due to a combination of total angular momentum conservation and the outward transfer of specific angular momentum in the envelope. If these hypotheses are true, the composition of the irregular satellites directly reflects the composition of planetesimals from which the giant planets formed, while the composition of the regular satellites is indicative of the composition of the less volatile components of the outer envelopes of the giant planets.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 9
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    The role of turbulent convection in the primitive solar nebula. I - Theory. II - Results (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A model of convective turbulence which takes radiative dissipation, rotation, and convective motion anisotropy into account, on the basis of a closure for the nonlinear interactions that employs the growth rates of hydrodynamic instabilities, is used to obtain a theoretical framework for modeling the primordial solar nebula. It is assumed that convection is the sole source of turbulence causing the solar nebula to evolve. Vertical structure equations in the thin disk approximation are developed and a detailed comparison with the previous solar nebula convective models of such workers as Lin et al. (1981, 1982) is undertaken. The present values for the turbulent efficiency are much lower and more sensitive to opacity and surface density, resulting in low turbulent speeds, a more massive disk, a lower accretion rate 'best value', and a longer characteristic dispersal time for the disk. It is concluded that convection may not be the dominant source of turbulence needed to evolve young solar/stellar nebulae.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 69; 387-457
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  • 10
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    Water loss from Venus: Implications for the Earth's early atmosphere (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The atmosphere of Venus outgassed rapidly as a result of planetary heating during accretion, resulting in massive water loss. The processes affecting atmospheric chemistry following accretion have consisted largely of hydrogen escape and internal re-equilibrium. The initial bulk composition of Venus and Earth are assumed to have been roughly similar. Chemical speciation on Venus was controlled by the temperature and oxygen buffering capacity of the surface magma. It is also assumed that the surfaces of planetary bodies of the inner solar system were partly or wholly molten during accretion with a temperature estimated at 1273 to 1573 K. To investigate the range of reasonable initial atmospheric compositions on Venus, limits have to be set for the proportion of total hydrogen and the buffered fugacity of oxygen. Using the C/H ratio of 0.033 set for Earth, virtually all of the water generated during outgassing must later have been lost in order to bring the current CO2/H2O ratio for Venus up to its observed value of 10 sup 4 to 10 sup 5. The proportion of H2O decreases in model atmospheres with successfully higher C/H values, ultimately approaching the depleted values currently observed on Venus. Increasing C/H also results in a rapid increase in CO/H2O and provides an efficient mechanism for water loss by the reaction CO+H2O = CO2 + H2. This reaction, plus water loss mechanisms involving crustal iron, could have removed a very large volume of water from the Venusian atmosphere, even at a low C/H value.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Workshop on the Early Earth: The Interval from Accretion to the Older Archean; p 65-67
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