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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity and Uncertainty Studies of the CRAC2 Computer Code (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 7 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: We have studied the sensitivity of health impacts from nuclear reactor accidents, as predicted by the CRAC2 computer code, to the following sources of uncertainty: (1) the model for plume rise, (2) the model for wet deposition, (3) the meteorological bin-sampling procedure for selecting weather sequences with rain, (4) the dose conversion factors for inhalation as affected by uncertainties in the particle size of the carrier aerosol and the clearance rates of radionuclides from the respiratory tract, (5) the weathering half-time for external ground-surface exposure, and (6) the transfer coefficients for terrestrial foodchain pathways. Predicted health impacts usually showed little sensitivity to use of an alternative plume-rise model or a modified rain-bin structure in bin-sampling. Health impacts often were quite sensitive to use of an alternative wet-deposition model in single-trial runs with rain during plume passage, but were less sensitive to the model in bin-sampling runs. Uncertainties in the inhalation dose conversion factors had important effects on early injuries in single-trial runs. Latent cancer fatalities were moderately sensitive to uncertainties in the weathering half-time for ground-surface exposure, but showed little sensitivity to the transfer coefficients for terrestrial foodchain pathways. Sensitivities of CRAC2 predictions to uncertainties in the models and parameters also depended on the magnitude of the source term, and some of the effects on early health effects were comparable to those that were due only to selection of different sets of weather sequences in bin-sampling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1987.tb00486.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some introductory notes to an issue of boundary-layer meteorology dedicated to Arthur James Dyer (1988)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 42 (1988), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119870
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the measurement of dry deposition using imperfect sensors and in non-ideal terrain (1988)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 42 (1988), S. 79-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Important questions concerning the turbulent exchange of atmospheric pollutants between the air and natural surfaces urgently require answers, but sensors for many important species are not yet sufficiently well developed for use with standard micrometeorological methods. There is need, therefore, to develop methods by which deficient sensors can be used in micrometeorological applications. There is also need to extend micrometeorological methods to circumstances which do not satisfy the conventional perfect-site constraints. Here, methods based upon the assumption of cospectral similarity are explored. Initial tests indicate that it is possible to estimate daytime turbulent fluxes with sensors giving response times considerably greater than the values normally quoted for eddy correlation (e.g., 5 s instead of 1 s), and to compute first-order corrections for the error resulting from the lack of detection of high-frequency turbulence. It is suggested that a similar method might be used to derive flux data in terrain more complex than can be handled by conventional micrometeorology. The techniques outlined here should be applied only with caution, but appear adequate to permit the use of deficient sensors in some circumstances, and good sensors over some micrometeorologically deficient terrain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119876
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HNO3 deposition to a deciduous forest (1989)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 49 (1989), S. 395-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The deposition velocity (V d) of nitric acid vapor over a fully leafed deciduous forest was estimated using flux/gradient theory. HNO3 deposition velocities ranged from 2.2 to 6.0cm/s with a mean V don the order of 4.0cms-1. Estimates of V dfrom a detailed canopy turbulence model gave deposition velocities of similar magnitude. The model was used to investigate the sensitivity of V dto the leaf boundary-layer resistance and leaf area index (LAI). Although modeled deposition velocities were found to be sensitive to the parameterization of the leaf boundary-layer resistance, they were less sensitive to the LAI. Modeled V d's were found to peak at LAI = 7.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123651
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An experimental study of sulfur and NOx fluxes over grassland (1986)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 34 (1986), S. 103-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Three independent sulfur sensors were used in a study of sulfur eddy fluxes to a field of wheat stubble and mixed grasses, conducted in Southern Ohio in September, 1979. Two of these sensors were modified commercial instruments; one operated with a prefilter to measure gaseous sulfur compounds and the other with a denuder system to provide submicron particulate sulfur data. The third sensor was a prototype system, used to measure total sulfur fluxes. The data obtained indicated that the deposition velocity for gaseous sulfur almost always exceeded that for particulate sulfur; average surface conductances were about 1.0 cm s−1 for gaseous sulfur in the daytime and about 0.4 cm s−1 for particulate sulfur. The data indicate that nighttime values were probably much lower. The total sulfur sensor provided support for these conclusions. The boundary-layer quantity ln(z 0 /z H )was found to be 2.75 ± 0.55, in close agreement with expectations and thus providing some assurance that the site was adequate for eddy flux studies. However, fluxes derived using a prototype NOx sensor were widely scattered, partially as a consequence of sensor noise but also possibly because of the effects of nearby sources of natural nitrogen compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00120911
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A micrometeorological investigation of surface exchange of O3, SO2 and NO2: A case study (1989)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 47 (1989), S. 321-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Data obtained in an intensive field study of the dry deposition of sulfur dioxide, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide, conducted in 1985 in central Pennsylvania, are used to illustrate the factors that must be considered to assure that high quality results are derived. In particular, the quality of the site must be such that flux measurements made above the surface are representative of surface values. For this purpose, tests involving momentum transfer and the surface energy budget are especially useful. In addition, conditions must not be changing rapidly, and the statistical uncertainty associated with flux measurement must be low. For the set of data presented here, conservative quality-assurance guidelines are used to reject potentially erroneous flux data. For ozone, most of the measured fluxes are of use in deriving surface resistances. For SO2, far fewer data points are available. For NO2, fluxes appear to lack the order of the O3 and SO2 fluxes, and do not enable surface resistances to be computed. The highest-quality SO2 and O3 data yield surface resistances in fair average agreement with model predictions for SO2, but substantially higher than predictions for O3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00122337
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combining biology, chemistry, and meteorology in modeling and measuring dry deposition (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 6 (1988), S. 117-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Air-surface exchange ; gas exchange ; turbulent transfer ; ozone fluxes ; sulfur dioxide fluxes ; NOx fluxes ; surface exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The range of chemical, biological, and meteorological processes contributing to the net exchange of trace chemical species between the atmosphere and the underlying surface is examined, in the context of a multiple-resistance exchange model. For those chemical species known to be always depositing, the resistance model provides a means to formulate appropriate deposition velocities in a convenient manner; however, extension to other situations is not straightforward. Field data indicate that the multiple-resistance approach is appropriate for application to assess the dry deposition of ozone and sulfur dioxide, but is not as appropriate for nitrogen dioxide. Data obtained over agricultural crops suggest that canopy factors frequently dominate the overall exchange process. A trial program of dry deposition measurement based on application of parameterized deposition velocities was initiated late in 1984, and has demonstrated shortcomings in under-standing concerning several factors, most importantly the roles of surface emissions and wetness, and the scaling-up of laboratory results to describe vegetative canopies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048335
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring dry deposition: A re-assessment of the state of the art (1986)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 30 (1986), S. 75-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The exchange process known as dry deposition encompasses the dynamic exchange of trace gases and aerosol particles, and the gravitational settling of large particles. Except for particles large enough that their sedimentation velocity exceeds turbulent velocities, the rate of deposition is mostly determined by surface properties, such as roughness, stickiness, and wetness, and by atmospheric stability. Thus, it is difficult to interpret results obtained using collection devices having surfaces different from those of nature. Other methods for measuring dry deposition exist, mostly micrometeorological, but these are sufficiently complicated that routine application as in a monitoring network is not yet feasible. For some chemical species and in some locations, inferential methods offer considerable promise. These methods measure atmospheric concentrations (C) of the relevant chemical species, and derive relevant deposition velocities (vd) on a site-specific, species-dependent, and time-evolving basis. The dry deposition rates of interest are then evaluated as the product vd.C. A major goal of current research programs is to provide the knowledge necessary to evaluate vd. Experimental methods are reviewed, and potential sources of error are examined, for both the research methods and the “concentration monitoring” methodologies presently being advocated for use in numerical models as well as for routine monitoring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305177
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of estimated and measured SO2 deposition velocities (1987)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 36 (1987), S. 331-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A nested-network program for obtaining data on the dry deposition of SO2 and SO4 − has been initiated at a small array of locations (6 in 1985, presently 13) across North America. The procedures involved rely on the availability of models for deriving dry deposition rates from observations of air concentrations and of meteorological and surface properties known to influence the deposition velocity. At a subset of locations (i.e., 3), the results obtained by this indirect method are tested by comparison against more direct methods. One of the first comparison experiments of this series was conducted at Oak Ridge in July 1985 when the fluxes determined by inferential methods were compared to those measured by eddy correlation. The results obtained suggest that initial computer routines, developed to estimate deposition velocity for SOz on a routine basis, overestimate the deposition velocity by about 20% to a mixed-species deciduous forest. The difference is possibly due to the omission of water stress as a contributing factor in the initial computer routines, but might also be associated with chemical processes at the substomatal level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229676
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A preliminary multiple resistance routine for deriving dry deposition velocities from measured quantities (1987)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 36 (1987), S. 311-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Because there is no simple device capable of measuring the dry deposition rates of small particles and trace gases directly, much current activity is focused on the use of an inferential technique. In this method, measurements of atmospheric concentration (C) of selected chemical species are coupled with evaluations of appropriate deposition velocity (V d ) to yield estimates of dry deposition rate from their product. Difficulties arise concerning the ability to measure C, and especially regarding the poor knowledge of V d for many species. A multiple resistance routine for deriving deposition velocities is presented here. Current knowledge of biological processes is incorporated into a first-generation lsbig leaf’ model; formulations of resistances appropriate for describing individual leaves are combined to simulate the canopy as a whole. The canopy resistance is combined with estimates of aerodynamic and boundary-layer resistances to approximate the total resistance to transfer, from which deposition velocity is then computed. Special emphasis is given to the influence of the diurnal cycle, to the way in which the various transfer resistances can be inferred from routine data, and to the role of canopy factors (e.g., leaf area index, wetness, temperature response, and sunshade fractions).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229675
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