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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A STUDY OF HLA-A, B, DR and Bf5 BEARING HAPLOTYPES DERIVED FROM 304 FAMILIES RESIDENT IN THE NORTH WEST OF ENGLAND (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 15 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We report here haplotype frequencies for class I (HLA-A, B), class III (HLA-DR) and class III (Bf) gene products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of man. As in other studies (Bertrams & Baur, 1979; Grange et al., 1981), we have chosen to document all families typed for HLA antigens and Bf phenotypes irrespective of ascertainment. We obtained 1,094 haplotypes from 304 families resident in the North West of England, of which 34·1% had been fully typed for HLA-A,B,DR and Bf polymorphisms. We have been able to find both positive and negative linkage disequilibria for two and three locus haplotypes and have listed the most commonly occuring four locus haplotypes. Our data confirms the position of the complement group between HLA-B and HLA-DR, and we have looked for evidence of segregation distortion of MHC haplotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1988.tb00425.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectroscopic and fast photographic studies of excimer laser polymer ablation (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 64 (1988), S. 4657-4663 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Spectroscopy and fast photography have been used to study the luminous plume produced by ablative etching of polyimide and polyethylene-terephthalate polymer films with the XeCl laser. The time dependence of the expansion for various environmental gas pressures has been studied in this way. The results show that at low pressures (〈0.5 mb) the expansion approaches a free expansion into a vacuum, while at 15 mb the time dependence is close to that predicted by an ideal blast wave model. It is suggested that a significant fraction of the luminous species detected spectroscopically may be created in the shock front at the plume/environmental gas interface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341247
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical characterization of plasma generation in KrF laser Cu ablation (1989)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 55 (1989), S. 1630-1632 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ionization onset in the ablation plume from KrF laser-irradiated Cu targets in vacuum leads to a fast-rising voltage transient on the target. This, together with ion probe measurements, provides information on the plasma parameters. With 30 ns pulses, plasma initiates at ∼108 W cm−2; electron temperatures of 7 eV and ion energies of several hundred volts are produced at 2.2×108 W cm−2 .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.102220
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pyroelectric detection of ultraviolet laser ablation products from polymers (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 66 (1989), S. 2608-2612 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A simple pyroelectric detector has been constructed and used to measure the ablation velocity for various polymers as a function of laser (248 nm) fluence. The advantage of this approach over other techniques is that a full sampling of the products in the ablation plume is obtained. Results for polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) ablation can be interpreted in terms of a single explosive decomposition process in which numerous small fragments such as C2, CO, and CO2 propel small segments of the polymer at velocities which are scaled to the square root of their molecular weights. Data for polymide suggest that this polymer is decomposed by laser photons principally into small molecules. The solid carbon that is obtained on ablation in air is probably derived by reactions between carbon clusters. This technique is suitable for the study of the angular distribution of the ejected material which is useful for modeling and in schemes for the deposition of material by laser ablation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.344227
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ablative and acoustic response of pulsed UV laser-irradiated vascular tissue in a liquid environment (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 64 (1988), S. 2194-2201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Pulsed laser studies of the attenuation properties and ablation characteristics of vascular tissue in a liquid environment are reported. Acoustic waves produced by the thermoelastic effect and high fluence ablation have been studied, together with ablative removal rates for diseased and healthy tissue samples using the KrF, XeCl, and frequency-doubled YAG lasers. Tissue attenuation coefficients, ablation thresholds, and time scales are reported and compared with those for samples in air.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341707
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excimer laser ablation and thermal coupling efficiency to polymer films (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 1420-1422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Thermal coupling and etch rate measurements are reported for polyethylene terephthalate and polyimide films irradiated at excimer laser wavelengths of 193, 248, and 308 nm. Thermal energy balance is observed up to a threshold fluence but above this the energy absorbed remains approximately constant, the excess energy being carried away by the ablated material. The ablated material appears to have a temperature 〉103 K as determined by calculations based on the thermal energy loading and relaxation time estimated from IR measurements. These results provided useful information on the interaction mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.334503
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isomerically selective photoionization of mercury-197 (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 58 (1985), S. 2431-2436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report the second of a series of experiments on selective photoionization of mercury isotopes in which we show that radioactive atoms containing either isomeric form of the radionuclide 197Hg can be selectively ionized in the presence of natural mercury isotopes by doubly resonant three-step laser photoionization, and discuss its implications as a test case for nuclear-isomer separation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.336301
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Novel method for measuring excimer laser ablation thresholds of polymers (1988)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 52 (1988), S. 1880-1882 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Conical features produced on excimer laser ablated polymers are shown to provide a sensitive technique for determining ablation thresholds. This has been applied to polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, and nylon 66 ablated using the 157 nm vacuum ultraviolet F2 laser.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.99612
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectroscopic and ion probe measurements of KrF laser ablated Y-Ba-Cu-O bulk samples (1988)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 53 (1988), S. 534-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The KrF laser ablation of Y-Ba-Cu-O bulk samples has been studied using visible UV spectroscopy and ion probes. Principal luminescent species, expansion velocities, and the extent of ionization in the ablation plume have been determined in this way, providing information on the interaction of relevance to ablation as a film deposition source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.100628
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CO2 laser ablative etching of polyethylene terephthalate (1989)
    Springer
    Applied physics 48 (1989), S. 489-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 82.50 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Films of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) can be successfully etched with 9 μm radiation from a pulsed TEA CO2 laser. The relationship between etch depth and fluence is broadly similar to that observed for excimer laser etching but with a less well-defined threshold. Time-resolved photoacoustic measurements of stress waves generated in the interaction show that at a fluence of 1.8 J cm−2 ablation occurs 100–200 ns after the start of the laser pulse, a time which is consistent with the rate of thermal decomposition of PET. The volatile products of ablation are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ethyne, ethene, benzene, ethanal, and small quantities of other products. For fluences close to and appreciably above the threshold the ablated material consists predominantly of involatile species of relatively high molecular weight, whereas at higher fluences substantial fragmentation of the polymer to small molecules occurs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00694685
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