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  • 1
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    Galactic cosmic ray composition (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An assessment is given of the galactic cosmic ray source (GCRS) elemental composition and its correlation with first ionization potential. The isotopic composition of heavy nuclei; spallation cross sections; energy spectra of primary nuclei; electrons; positrons; local galactic reference abundances; comparison of solar energetic particles and solar coronal compositions; the hydrogen; lead; nitrogen; helium; and germanium deficiency problems; and the excess of elements are among the topics covered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 73 p
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  • 2
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    The development of a high energy cosmic ray detector for Spacelab-2 (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A large cosmic ray detector aimed at measurements of the energy spectra and of the elemental abundances of cosmic ray nuclei at very high energies, up to several TeV/nucleon was constructed. The instrument is an electronic counter telescope with a geometric factor of 5 sq ster. It accomplishes measurements of the particle energies through the use of gas Cerenkov counters and of transition radiation detectors. The solutions of a number of technological problems that are encountered when developing such instrumentation for Shuttle missions are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: OG-9.1-8 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 3; p 276-277; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-3
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  • 3
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    Cosmic ray secondary nuclei and the structure of the galaxy (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The consequencies of diffusive acceleration of cosmic rays in supernova shocks propagation through an inhomogeneous interstellar medium are explored. The acceleration takes place in the hot, tenuous, intercloud gas, while nuclear collisions, leading to the production of cosmic ray secondaries, predominantly occur in those regions where the supernova shocks collide with interstellar clouds. A simple model is used to calculate the interaction of a (cosmic ray + gas) shock with a cloud, and thus determine the gross topology. Extending this to the whole system, using mean cloud sizes and space densities, allows us to calculate the secondary/primary cosmic ray abundance ratios for light and heavy nuclei.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: OG-7.2-4 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 3; p 50-53; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-3
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  • 4
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    Germanium and lead: Significant differences between meteoritic and photospheric abundances? (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The order of the Galactic cosmic ray source (GCRS) composition in terms of first ionization potential (FIP) was examined. For most elements, the degree of volatility is (positively) correlated with the value of the FIP, so that it is not easy to distinguish a correlation of GCRS abundances anomalies with FIP from a correlation with volatility. Only a few permit to distinguish between the two kinds of ordering: if they are depleted relative to refractory metals, volatility must be relevant, if not, FIP is relevant. Among them Cu and Zn would seem to favor FIP. Among the best indicators are Ge and Pb. The abundance anomalies in GCRS are defined relative to a standard which, for the heavy elements concerned, is commonly taken as C1 Carbonaceous Chondrites. Photospheric abundances are more directly representative of the protosolar nebula, and hence of ordinary local galactic (LG) matter. The Ge and Pb reference abundance determinations in the Photosphere and in C1 meteorites are examined and their relevance to the problem with FIP vs. volatility in GCRs is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: OG-7.1-2 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 3; p 5-8; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-3
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  • 5
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    The dependence of solar modulation on the sign of the cosmic ray particle charge (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The solar modulation of galactic cosmic ray helium and electrons at 1 AU, within the 600-1000 MV magnetic rigidity interval, are compared for the period from 1965 through 1984. The time-intensity variations during the two solar maxima around 1970 and 1981 show that after 1970 the helium intensity recovers earlier than that of the electrons, whereas after 1981 the electron intensity recovers earlier than that of helium. The flux ratio of helium to electrons (He/e) undergoes a major increases during the 1969-1971 period and a major decrease during 1979-83. These experimental results can be interpreted as due to a dependence of the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays on the sign of the particle charge, possibly as a consequence of drifts due to gradients and curvatures in the interplanetary magnetic field. However, the comparison of the shapes of the intensity-time curves of helium and electrons in the period 1970-1981 does not support a major specific prediction of the drift model.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: SH-4.2-23 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 4; p 497-500; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-4
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  • 6
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    The Jovian electron spectrum: 1978-1984 (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Observations of Jovian electrons through six consecutive 13-month Jovian synodic periods from 1978 to 1984 have been made by the University of Chicago electron spectrometer onboard the ISEE-3 (ICE) spacecraft. The Jovian electron spectrum was determined from 5 to 30 Mev and was found to have a shape which is not a power law in kinetic energy, but cuts off at approximately 30 MeV. The average shape of the spectrum over each of the six intervals of best magnetic connection remains the same for all intervals within uncertainties.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: SH-1.5-19 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 4; p 201-204; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-4
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  • 7
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    Measurements of galactic hydrogen and helium isotopes from 1978 through 1983 (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The differential flux of the hydrogen and helium isotopes was measured using an instrument on the ISEE-3 spacecraft during solar quiet time periods from August 1978 through December 1983. These measurements cover the energy range from 26 MeV/nucleon through 138 MeV/nucleon for both H-1 and He-4, from 24 to 89 MeV/nucleon for H-2, and from 43 to 146 solar activity varied from near minimum to maximum conditions causing the observed flux of galactic cosmic rays to modulate by an order of magnitude. To describe the propagation in the galaxy, it was found that the standard leaky box approximation with an escape path length of 6.7 g/sq cms forms a self consistent model for the light cosmic ray nuclei at the observed energies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: OG-4.2-2 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 2; p 60-63; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-2
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  • 8
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    Identification of energetic heavy isotopes using a gas ionization detector (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A high pressure gas ionization chamber has been developed for studies of cosmic ray isotopic composition. In tests using accelerator beams of heavy ions, it has achieved mass resolution ranging from 0.1 amu for oxygen to 0.3 amu for iron.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: AIP Conference on Cosmic Abundances of Matter; Sept. 7-9, 1988; Minneapolis, MN; United States
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  • 9
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    The dependence of solar modulation on the sign of the cosmic ray particle charge (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: ISEE-3 spacecraft cosmic ray telescope data on the modulation of cosmic ray electrons are compared with IMP-8 spacecraft data on low energy He atoms to evaluate the effects of solar maxima on cosmic ray modulation. The investigation is constrained to the modulation of 70-95 MeV He-4 nuclei and 600-1000 MeV electrons over the period 1965-1984, an interval covering solar maxima in 1970 and 1981. It is shown that the occurrences of solar maxima are associated with magnetic field polarity reversals. When the interplanetary magnetic field reverses polarity, oppositely charged particles flow in different directions, thereby permitting studies of drift effects and modulation. Data on the recovery periods after the solar maxima show that the He-4 nuclei recovered before the electron population in 1970, while the situation was reversed in 1981. Actual flux ratio reversals were recorded in the years surrounding the maxima. Although the data support a connection between modulation of cosmic rays and the sign of charged particles, current models cannot account for the deviation of electron intensities from the nuclei intensities.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 2858-286
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  • 10
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    Energy spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei from 50 to 2000 GeV per amu (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A direct measurement of the elemental composition of cosmic rays up to energies of several TeV/amu was performed during the Spacelab 2 flight of the Space Shuttle. Results on the spectral shape for the elements C, O, Ne, Mg, Si, and Fe, obtained from this experiment, are presented. It was found that the C and O energy spectra retain a power-law spectrum in energy with an exponent Gamma of about 2.65. The Fe spectrum is flatter (Gamma of about 2.55) up to a particle energy of about 10 to the 14th eV, indicating a steady increase in the relative abundance of iron in cosmic rays up to this energy. The energy spectra of Ne, Mg, and Si are steeper than anticipated. This behavior is unexpected within current models of cosmic-ray acceleration.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 327; L31-L34
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