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  • 1
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    Cloud cover over the equatorial eastern Pacific derived from July 1983 International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project data using a hybrid bispectral threshold method (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A set of visible and IR data obtained with GOES from July 17-31, 1983 is analyzed using a modified version of the hybrid bispectral threshold method developed by Minnis and Harrison (1984). This methodology can be divided into a set of procedures or optional techniques to determine the proper contaminate clear-sky temperature or IR threshold. The various optional techniques are described; the options are: standard, low-temperature limit, high-reflectance limit, low-reflectance limit, coldest pixel and thermal adjustment limit, IR-only low-cloud temperature limit, IR clear-sky limit, and IR overcast limit. Variations in the cloud parameters and the characteristics and diurnal cycles of trade cumulus and stratocumulus clouds over the eastern equatorial Pacific are examined. It is noted that the new method produces substantial changes in about one third of the cloud amount retrieval; and low cloud retrievals are affected most by the new constraints.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 4051-407
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  • 2
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    Post World War II trends in tropical Pacific surface trades (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Multidecadal time series of surface winds from central tropical Pacific islands are used to compute trends in the trade winds between the end of WWII and 1985. Over this period, averaged over the whole region, there is no statistically significant trend in speed or zonal or meridional wind (or pseudostress). However, there is some tendency, within a few degrees of the equator, toward weakening of the easterlies and increased meridional flow toward the equator. Anomalous conditions subsequent to the 1972-73 ENSO event make a considerable contribution to the long-term trends. The period 1974-80 has been noted previously to have been anomalous, and trends over that period are sharply greater than those over the longer records.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate (ISSN 0894-8755); 2; 1561-156
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  • 3
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    Results from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) has been observing the earth during the past 4 years from three satellites. Numerous validation procedures have been applied to the data. Particularly important have been intercomparisons between three channels of scanning radiometers and wide and medium field-of-view radiometers. These intercomparisons and onboard calibration targets have provided assurance of high data quality. In addition to the classic radiation budget parameters: global absorbed and emitted energy, ERBE is producing fluxes on scales of 250 km that can significantly increase understanding of the earth's climate. Of particular interest are ERBE measurements of clear-sky albedos and longwave fluxes, which are part of the ERBE data products. Use of data from the precessing ERBE satellite together with data from the sun-synchronous NOAA-9 and NOAA-10 satellites also provides information on the diurnal cycle of shortwave and longwave fluxes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 9; 7, 19
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  • 4
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    ISCCP cloud algorithm intercomparison (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Research related to the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) began with a pilot study initiated in late 1981 to evaluate currently available cloud analysis algorithms. Other objectives of this study are related to a test of the effects of data volume compression schemes and the design of the operational algorithms for ISCCP. The present paper summarizes the pilot study by focusing on the most fundamental step of any cloud algorithm, that of cloud detection. An outline is provided of the objectives and limitations of the pilot study, and a description is given of the criteria used to design the operational analysis algorithm. Attention is given to the pilot study data set, a cloud detection intercomparison, a cloud analysis, and ISCCP cloud algorithm design.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 24; 877-903
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  • 5
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    Crystallization of supercooled solutions (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Crystallization of uniformly supercooled solutions (Na2SO4, NaCl, H2SO4, HNO3, HCl) was studied. It is shown how crystal growth velocity and habit depend on solution and concentration. The segregation coefficient for the solute in ice is measured by analysis of ice and solution, separated immediately after initial freezing, at different supercoolings. Subsequent solidification gives ion rejection at a varying rate depending on the geometry of the freezing, and may result in separation of hydrates, particularly when the initial concentration is high, as in haze (inactivated) droplets and low temperatures found in the Antarctic stratosphere. Electrical effects associated with rapid freezing are also investigated. Results suggest that more extensive measurements need to be made in solutions at different supercoolings, and that substantial electrical effects may be present for higher concentrations under these conditions. Damage to vegetation could occur under specific conditions as concentrated solutions (possibly H2SO4) are rejected in the freezing of rime or dew.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Deutscher Wetterdienst, Annals from the German Meteorological Society, No. 25: 10th International Cloud Physics Conference Preprints, Volume 1; p 180-182
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  • 6
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    A day-to-day comparison study of Seasat scatterometer winds with winds observed from islands in the tropical Pacific (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The winds derived from the Seasat-A Satellite Scatterometer (SASS) measurements have been the subject of great interest since the 1978 mission, because of the promise of radically improved wind observations over the world ocean. Due to the early end of the mission, only a few of the planned ground truth validation experiments could be made, and the subsequent lack of sufficient high quality independent wind data for comparison has limited the ability to resolve critical issues regarding the scatterometer's performance and the correct interpretation of its signal. Operational weather observations were made of ocean winds independent of Seasat mission plans during the Seasat mission period; the results are reported of a comparison study using such observations. Previous verification with in situ winds has been primarily in middle latitudes (GOASEX, JASIN, and NDBO buoys); winds observed from nine tropical Pacific islands are compared with nearly contemporaneous measurements taken by SASS during overpasses of the islands.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-186696 , NAS 1.26:186696 , PB90-158791 , NOAA-TM-ERL-PMEL-91 , CONTRIB-1168
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Climate and the Earth's Radiation Budget (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Data from NASA's Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) Experiment instruments carried by the ERB Satellite and by NOAA-9 and -10 are presently evaluated, with a view to the role played by clouds in the global radiation energy balance. While an individual water droplet scatters 85 percent of incident energy in the forward direction, a cloud of such drops can scatter 75 percent or more of the energy backward. The resulting enhancement of surface-atmosphere albedo reduces the solar radiation absorbed by the atmospheric column. Clouds also significantly enhance the long-wave opacity of the atmosphere; like gaseous absorption, this reduces the radiation emitted to space.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Physics Today (ISSN 0031-9228); 42; 22-32
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  • 8
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    Cloud-radiative forcing and climate - Results from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The spaceborne Earth Radiation Budget Experiment was begun in 1984 to obtain quantitative estimates of the global distributions of cloud-radiative forcing. The magnitude of the observed net cloud forcing is about four times greater than the expected value of radiative forcing from a doubling of CO2; the shortwave and longwave components of cloud forcing are about 10 times as large as those for a CO2 doubling. Small changes in the cloud-radiative forcing fields can therefore play a significant role as a climate-feedback mechanism.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 243; 57-63
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  • 9
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    Comparison of regional clear-sky albedos inferred from satellite observations and model computations (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A comparison of model- and satellite-inferred clear sky top-of-atmosphere (TOA) albedos is presented. The clear sky albedos were inferred from GOES-2 observations for November 1978 over South America and most of North America and adjacent ocean regions. The model albedos were computed on a 1 deg X 1 deg latitude-longitude grid, allowing for variations in surface vegetation type, solar zenith angle, orography, and spectral absorption/scattering. Over the ocean areas, the observed and calculated TOA albedos agree within + or - 1 percent, while the albedos over land mostly agree within + or - 2 percent for the entire range of significant geographical variation of albedo from 13 percent over the Amazon Basin to 24 percent over mountains of western North America. Both the ocean and land agreements lie within the theoretical and observational uncertainties.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 25; 214-226
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  • 10
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    The structure and evolution of seasonal wind anomalies over the near-equatorial eastern Indian and western Pacific Oceans (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The longitude-height-time structure and evolution of near-equatorial wind variability over the eastern Indian and western Pacific Oceans are studied using data obtained from a network of eight radiosonde stations extending from southern India to the central Pacific Ocean. The seasonal zonal wind anomalies observed at the cross section beween Trivandrum and Majuro stations are analyzed using an empirical orthogonal function. The Walker Circulation fluctuations are described in terms of standing oscillations in the longitude-height plane, and it is determined that Southern Oscillation propagation anomaly best represents the wind fluctuations. A complex empirical orthogonal function (CEOF) analysis and an El Nino compositing methodology are applied to the seasonal zonal wind anomalies. It is determined that the composite El Nino anomalies correspond to the spatial structure and temporal evolution of anomalies implied by the CEOF analysis.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 169-192
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