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  • 1995-1999  (12)
  • 1985-1989  (21)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Large Angle Spectroscopic Coronagraph (LASCO) (1995)
    Springer
    Solar physics 162 (1995), S. 357-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Keywords: Sun ; Corona ; Coronagraph
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Large Angle Spectroscopic Coronagraph (LASCO) is a three coronagraph package which has been jointly developed for the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) mission by the Naval Research Laboratory (USA), the Laboratoire d'Astronomie Spatiale (France), the Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie (Germany), and the University of Birmingham (UK). LASCO comprises three coronagraphs, C1, C2, and C3, that together image the solar corona from 1.1 to 30 R⊙ (C1: 1.1 – 3 R⊙, C2: 1.5 – 6 R⊙, and C3: 3.7 – 30 R⊙). The C1 coronagraph is a newly developed mirror version of the classic internally-occulted Lyot coronagraph, while the C2 and C3 coronagraphs are externally occulted instruments. High-resolution imaging spectroscopy of the corona from 1.1 to 3 R⊙ can be performed with the Fabry-Perot interferometer in C1. High-volume memories and a high-speed microprocessor enable extensive on-board image processing. Image compression by a factor of about 10 will result in the transmission of 10 full images per hour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00733434
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Shape of the Outer Corona during Cycle 21 (1998)
    Springer
    Solar physics 180 (1998), S. 247-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Solwind coronagraph recorded the outer corona at elongations 2_5 R⊙ to 10 R⊙ during the 6 1/2-year interval from March 1979, before solar maximum, to the beginning of solar minimum in September 1985. During the minimum period, when the solar magnetic field was dipole-like, the observed corona consisted of the equatorial streamer belt that is characteristic of solar minimum, and that is interpreted as an edgewise view of a nearly flat current sheet or coronal disk lying near the plane of the heliographic equator. The observed disk was a radial projection from the magnetic neutral line that was computed for the 2.5 R⊙ source surface surrounding the Sun. At earlier times, shortly after solar maximum, the observed corona often consisted of a single coronal disk similar to that at solar minimum, but strongly tilted to the heliographic equator. Again this disk projected from a tilted magnetic neutral line that was computed for the 2.5 R⊙ source surface. Solar rotation allowed this coronal disk to be viewed in all aspects. In the edgewise view it appeared as a tilted streamer belt. In the broadside view the more flower-like pattern of solar maximum was observed. The latter view was interpreted as a non-uniform distribution of coronal material in the thin coronal disk. There were many intervals during the declining phase of the solar cycle when the computed magnetic neutral line at 2.5 R⊙ remained relatively simple but was not the source of an observable coronal disk. This latter result was probably because of the limitations of plane-of-sky observations, combined with short-term changes in the corona. Altogether, a single coronal disk, either flat or somewhat convoluted, was recognizable during only one third of the year lifetime of the coronagraph.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005039609265
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Solar Minimum Active Region 7978, Its X2.6/1B Flare, CME, and Interplanetary Shock Propagation of 9 July 1996 (1998)
    Springer
    Solar physics 181 (1998), S. 159-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The first X-class flare in four years occurred on 9 July 1996. This X2.6/1B flare reached its maximum at 09:11 UT and was located in active region 7978 (S10° W30°) which was an old-cycle sunspot polarity group. We report the SOHO LASCO/EIT/MDI and SOONSPOT observations before and after this event together with Yohkoh SXT images of the flare, radio observations of the type II shock, and GOES disk-integrated soft X-ray flux during an extended period that included energy build-up in this active region. The LASCO coronagraphs measured a significant coronal mass ejection (CME) on the solar west limb beginning on 8 July at about 09:53 UT. The GOES 8 soft X-ray flux (0.1–0.8 nm) had started to increase on the previous day from below the A-level background (10-8 W m-2). At the start time of the CME, it was at the mid-B level and continued to climb. This CME is similar to many events which have been seen by LASCO and which are being interpreted as disruption of existing streamers by emerging flux ropes. LASCO and EIT were not collecting data at the time of the X-flare due to a temporary software outage. A larger CME was in progress when the first LASCO images were taken after the flare. Since the first image of the 'big' CME was obtained after the flare's start time, we cannot clearly demonstrate the physical connection of the CME to the flare. However, the LASCO CME data are consistent with an association of the flare and the CME. No eruptive filaments were observed during this event. We used the flare evidence noted above to employ in real time a simplified Shock-Time-of-Arrival (STOA) algorithm to estimate the arrival of a weak shock at the WIND spacecraft. We compare this prediction with the plasma and IMF data from WIND and plasma data from the SOHO/CELIAS instrument and suggest that the flare - and possibly the interplanetary consequences of the 'big' CME - was the progenitor of the mild, high-latitude, geomagnetic storm (daily sum of Kp=16+, Ap=8) on 12 July 1996. We speculate that the shock was attenuated enroute to Earth as a result of interaction with the heliospheric current/plasma sheet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016522812668
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    First View of the Extended Green-Line Emission Corona At Solar Activity Minimum Using the Lasco-C1 Coronagraph on Soho (1997)
    Springer
    Solar physics 175 (1997), S. 667-684 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The newly developed C1 coronagraph as part of the Large-Angle Spectroscopic Coronagraph (LASCO) on board the SOHO spacecraft has been operating since January 29, 1996. We present observations obtained in the first three months of operation. The green-line emission corona can be made visible throughout the instrument's full field of view, i.e., from 1.1 R⊙ out to 3.2 R⊙ (measured from Sun center). Quantitative evaluations based on calibrations cannot yet be performed, but some basic signatures show up even now: (1) There are often bright and apparently closed loop systems centered at latitudes of 30° to 45° in both hemispheres. Their helmet-like extensions are bent towards the equatorial plane. Farther out, they merge into one large equatorial ‘streamer sheet’ clearly discernible out to 32 R⊙. (2) At mid latitudes a more diffuse pattern is usually visible, well separated from the high-latitude loops and with very pronounced variability. (3) All high-latitude structures remain stable on time scales of several days, and no signature of transient disruption of high-latitude streamers was observed in these early data. (4) Within the first 4 months of observation, only one single ‘fast’ feature was observed moving outward at a speed of 70 km s-1 close to the equator. Faster events may have escaped attention because of data gaps. (5) The centers of high-latitude loops are usually found at the positions of magnetic neutral lines in photospheric magnetograms. The large-scale streamer structure follows the magnetic pattern fairly precisely. Based on our observations we conclude that the shape and stability of the heliospheric current sheet at solar activity minimum are probably due to high-latitude streamers rather than to the near-equatorial activity belt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004948913883
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mhd Interpretation of LASCO Observations of a Coronal Mass Ejection as a Disconnected Magnetic Structure (1997)
    Springer
    Solar physics 175 (1997), S. 719-735 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present a qualitative and quantitative comparison of a single coronal mass ejection (CME) as observed by LASCO (July 28–29, 1996) with the results of a three-dimensional axisymmetric time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic model of a flux rope interacting with a helmet streamer. The particular CME considered was selected based on the appearance of a distinct ‘tear-drop’ shape visible in animations generated from both the data and the model. The CME event begins with the brightening of a pre-existing coronal streamer which evolves into a ‘tear-drop’ shaped loop followed by a Y-shaped structure. The brightening moves slowly outward with significant acceleration reaching velocities of ∼450 km s-1 at 30 R⊙. The observed CME characteristics are compared with the model results. On the basis of this comparison, we suggested that the observed features were caused by the evacuation of a flux rope in the closed field region of the helmet streamer (i.e., helmet dome). The flux rope manifests itself as the cavity of the quasi-static helmet streamer and the whole system becomes unstable when the flux rope reaches a threshold strength. The observed ‘tear-drop’ structure is due to the deformed flux rope. The leading edge of the flux rope interacts with the helmet dome to form the typical loop-like CME. The trailing edge of this flux rope interacts with the local bi-polar field to form the observed Y-shaped structure. The model results for the evolution of the magnetic-field configurations, velocity, and polarization brightness are directly compared with observations. Animations have been generated from both the actual data and the model to illustrate the good agreement between the observation and the model. These animations can be found on the CD-ROM which accompanies this volume.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004923016322
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Relationship of Green-Line Transients to White-Light Coronal Mass Ejections (1997)
    Springer
    Solar physics 175 (1997), S. 699-718 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report observations by the Large Angle Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) on the SOHO spacecraft of three coronal green-line transients that could be clearly associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs) detected in Thomson-scattered white light. Two of these events, with speeds 〉25 km s-1, may be classified as ‘whip-like’ transients. They are associated with the core of the white-light CMEs, identified with erupting prominence material, rather than with the leading edge of the CMEs. The third green-line transient has a markedly different appearance and is more gradual than the other two, with a projected outward speed 〈10 km s-1. This event corresponds to the leading edge of a ‘streamer blowout’ type of CME. A dark void is left behind in the emission-line corona following each of the fast eruptions. Both fast emission-line transients start off as a loop structure rising up from close to the solar surface. We suggest that the driving mechanism for these events may be the emergence of new bipolar magnetic regions on the surface of the Sun, which destabilize the ambient corona and cause an eruption. The possible relationship of these events to recent X-ray observations of CMEs is briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004981125702
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eit and LASCO Observations of the Initiation of a Coronal Mass Ejection (1997)
    Springer
    Solar physics 175 (1997), S. 601-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present the first observations of the initiation of a coronal mass ejection (CME) seen on the disk of the Sun. Observations with the EIT experiment on SOHO show that the CME began in a small volume and was initially associated with slow motions of prominence material and a small brightening at one end of the prominence. Shortly afterward, the prominence was accelerated to about 100 km s-1 and was preceded by a bright loop-like structure, which surrounded an emission void, that traveled out into the corona at a velocity of 200–400 km s-1. These three components, the prominence, the dark void, and the bright loops are typical of CMEs when seen at distance in the corona and here are shown to be present at the earliest stages of the CME. The event was later observed to traverse the LASCO coronagraphs fields of view from 1.1 to 30 R⊙. Of particular interest is the fact that this large-scale event, spanning as much as 70 deg in latitude, originated in a volume with dimensions of roughly 35" (2.5 x 104 km). Further, a disturbance that propagated across the disk and a chain of activity near the limb may also be associated with this event as well as a considerable degree of activity near the west limb.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004907307376
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The frequency of long-duration solar X-ray events (1985)
    Springer
    Solar physics 97 (1985), S. 375-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the long-duration X-ray events tend to ignore the sunspot cycle. This is particularly true for events with durations of 6 hr or more.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00165996
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    White-light and radio sounding observations of coronal transients (1985)
    Springer
    Solar physics 98 (1985), S. 341-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A concerted search for coronal transients was conducted with the ‘Solwind’ coronagraph during the solar occultations of the two Helios spacecraft in October/November 1979. The polarization angle and bandwidth of the linearly polarized S-band downlink signal were monitored at the three 64-m tracking stations of the NASA Deep Space Network to determine coronal Faraday rotation and spectral broadening. A one-to-one correspondence could be established between abrupt disturbances in the two signal parameters and the passage of a white-light transient through the signal ray path from spacecraft to Earth. The white-light morphology and the additional information provided by the radio sounding coverage are presented for each of the five distinct events recorded. Although no specific example could be observed in sufficient detail in both white light and Faraday rotation to derive the small-scale magnetic structure, some qualitative descriptions of the orientation and rough estimates of the magnitude of the transient magnetic field could be made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00152465
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  • 10
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    The frequency of long-duration solar X-ray events (1985)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0038-0938
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-093X
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Springer
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