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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mammalian adenylyl cyclase family members are randomly located on different chromosomes (1994)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 94 (1994), S. 527-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Molecular cloning studies have elucidated the presence of multiple isoforms of mammalian adenylyl cyclase. So far, six different isoforms (I to VI) have been fully characterized. Comparison of their structural and biochemical characteristics suggests that the mammalian adenylyl cyclase family can be classified into four sub-families: type I, type III, type II/IV, and type V/VI. We have determined the chromosomal localization of these genes. Type I gene was assigned to chromosome 7, type III to chromosome 2, types II and IV to chromosomes 5 and 14, and types V and VI to chromosomes 3 and 12. Our results indicate that the different adenylyl cyclase isoforms, even within the same subfamily, are distributed randomly in the genome, in contrast to the chromosomal organization of other components within the same signaling pathway, such as catecholamine receptors and G proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00211020
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diel rhythm of emergence and of first displacement downstream in trout (Salmo trutta), Atlantic salmon (S. salar) and grayling (Thymallus thymallus) (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 43 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The diel rhythm of emergence from the gravel and displacement downstream has been studied in three salmonoid species: brown trout (Salmo trutta L.), Atlantic salmon (S. saiar L.) and grayling (Thymallus thymallus L.). Grayling emerged in the morning but delayed downstream displacement until the night, while the Salmo species emerged just before downstream displacement chiefly at night.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1993.tb01152.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Presence of an oesophageal mucus plug at the time of emergence in grayling (Thymallus thymaUus) and Atlantic salMon (Saltno Salar) (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 43 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Grayling (Thymallus thymallus) and salmon (salmo solar) Fry were trapped on emergence from development under gravel.The Oesophagus was completely blocked by mueus in 30% of the emergent grayling as compared to only 6.5% of the salmon
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1993.tb00587.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microhabitats and diel downstream migration of young grayling (Thymallus thymallm L.) (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 26 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY. 1, Microhabitats chosen by young grayling (Thymallus thymallus L.) were investigated by electrofishing. The first feeding habitat was marginal areas where water velocity did not exceed 15 cms−1. Fry fed on drift in the first 10 cm of the water column below the surface. This location was very stable during the first weeks of growth (mid-April to mid-May). When they were 3–3.5 cm long, fry began using benthic areas and gradually moved away from the banks towards the channel.2. A downstream migration was noted from the beginning of emergence (mid-April) to the end of May. This mainly nocturnal movement involved all fish sizes and caused a complete removal of young-of-the-year by June from the spawning tributary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1991.tb01404.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diel pattern of first downstream post-emergence displacement in grayling, Thymallus thymallus (L., 1758) (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 37 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The activity rhythm of emerging grayling, Thymallus thymallus, fry was studied under semi-natural rearing conditions, using special traps buried in the gravel. Emergence was mainly diurnal with a maximum in the first hours of daylight. Fry rested at the emergence site during the daylight and moved downstream at night, particularly during the first 3 hours of darkness. These results are compared with the known activity patterns of other salmonids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1990.tb05895.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contributions of promoter context and structure to regulated expression of the F plasmid traY promoter in Escherichia coli K-12 (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 8 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Expression of the F plasmid traY promoter in vivo requires both host (E. coli) and plasmid encoded proteins. As judged by transcript size and primer extension analyses, the F plasmid traY promoter was utilized in vitro by purified E. coliσ;70 RNA polymerase in the absence of other proteins. However, in vitro transcription required supercoiled templates. Endonuclease protection experiments showed that RNA polymerase is unable to form a stable complex at the traY promoter in linear or relaxed circular templates, in vitro transcription with linear templates could be elicited by altering the traY-10 and −35 hexamers to the consensus sequences. Alterations that reduced the effect of template supercoiling on apparent promoter strength in vitro also reduced the effect of the F plasmid TraJ protein on traY expression in vivo. Apparent traY promoter strength in vitro, estimated in template competition experiments, was unaltered by deletion of tra DNA normally upstream of the promoter, a change in promoter context that elicited high levels of promoter activity in TraJ− cells. These data suggest a model for regulated traY promoter activity in which a nucleoprotein complex involving tra DNA immediately upstream locally relaxes traY promoter DNA. TraJ and perhaps other activators could disrupt the complex, allowing promoter DNA to equilibrate at the prevailing negative superhelical density and thereby eliciting transcription initiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01577.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A reporter gene under the control of tms or aux promoters is differentially expressed in tobacco and barley protoplasts (1994)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 13 (1994), S. 155-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; auxin biosynthesis genes ; barley and tobacco protoplasts ; transient expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Agrobacterium tumefaciens and some Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains possess auxin biosynthesis genes (tms and aux genes respectively), responsible for a de novo auxin biosynthetic pathway in transformed plant cells. A comparison is presented of the potential expression of these genes in a monocotyledonous (barley) and a dicotyledonous plant (tobacco). The promoters of the genes were translationally fused to the β-glucuronidase reporter gene and analysed in transient expression experiments. The tms and aux fusions were highly expressed in tobacco, but not in barley. However, the aux enhancer active in tobacco, conferred low β-glucuronidase expression in barley when fused to a truncated cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. The results are discussed in relation to the differential responses to Agrobacterium infection in monocots and dicots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239883
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mixed oxides as catalysts for the selective reduction of nitrobenzene (1994)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 28 (1994), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: PbO-Mn3O4 ; Bi2O3-MoO3 ; nitrobenzene reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The catalytic behaviour of the PbO-Mn3O4 and the Bi2O3-MoO3 systems was investigated in the selective reduction of nitrobenzene to nitrosobenzene. Lead compounds appeared to be good catalysts, and co-catalysts when used with Mn3O4. Different from oxidations by di-oxygen, Bi3O3 alone is a good catalyst and formation of mixed Bi-Mo-O compounds does not enhance the catalytic activity. It is suggested that the difference between these catalysts in the mentioned reaction is related to the way in which the oxygen vacancy is represented by the oxygen donor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00812465
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple regions of a divergent promoter control the expression of the Agrobacterium rhizogenes aux1 and aux2 plant oncogenes (1993)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 239 (1993), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Agrobacterium rhizogenes ; Auxin synthesis genes ; Divergent promoter ; Transient expression ; β-Glucuronidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The two auxin biosynthesis genes, aux1 and aux2 of Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain A4, are located on opposite DNA strands with a short integenic region (394 bp) between their coding sequences. A functional analysis of this divergent promoter is presented. The transcription initiation sites of the two aux genes were determined and regions important for promoter activity were identified by deletion and transient expression analyses in tobacco protoplasts. The promoter activity of the aux intergenic region was demonstrated. A strong enhancer element contained within an 84 by promoter fragment was identified. Far upstream regions were shown to have negative effects on the promoter activity of the short intergenic region. Interactions between positive elements in the intergenic region and negative effects of the upstream sequences may be the basis of strict control of the auxin biosynthesis necessary for the induction and maintenance of hairy root growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00281622
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The functional morphology of xenarthrous vertebrae in the armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus (Mammalia, Xenarthra) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 63-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In order to assess the mechanical properties of xenarthrous vertebrae, and to evaluate the role of xenarthrae as fossorial adaptations, in vitro bending tests were performed on posterior thoracic and lumbar vertebral segments excised from specimens of the armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus and the opossum Didelphis virginiana, the latter being used to represent the primitive mammalian condition. The columns of the two species were subjected to dorsal, ventral, and lateral bending, as well as torsion, in order to determine their stiffness in each of these directions. During these tests, bone strains in the centra of selected vertebrae were determined using rosette strain gages. Overall stiffness of the armadillo backbone at physiologically relevant displacement levels was significantly higher than that of the opossum for both dorsal and lateral bending. The two species also exhibited significant differences in angular displacement of individual vertebrae and in vertebral strain magnitudes and orientations in these two directions. No significant differences were observed when the columns of the two species were subjected to torsion or to ventral bending. Our results suggest that some, but not all, of the mechanical differences between the two species are due to the presence of xenarthrae. For example, removal of the xenarthrae from selected vertebrae (L2 - L4) changes strain orientation and shear, but not strain magnitudes. Comparisons with functional data from other digging mammals indicate that the modified mechanical properties of the Dasypus column are consistent with an interpretation of xenarthra as digging adaptations and lend support to the idea that the order Xenarthra represents an early offshoot of placental mammals specialized for fossoriality. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052140105
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