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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 26 (1992), S. IV 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The radiotracer technique as a means to investigate the corrosion of zirconium, tantalum, and a Ta-40Nb alloy in fluoride containing azeotropic nitric acidZirconium and tantalum as well as the tantalum 40% niobium alloy are of considerable technical importance due to their high corrosion resistance against numerous corrosive media. With respect to corrosion testing in analytically pure azeotropic nitric acid in the temperature range between 20 and 121°C, corrosion rates were determined for zirconium: 7 · 10-6 to 5 · 10-4 mm/y, for tantalum: 10-8 to 4 · 10-6 mm/y, and for the Ta-40Nb alloy: 2 · 10-7 to 8 · 10-6 mm/y [1]. These corrosion rates will be markedly increased by adding small amounts of fluorides or by fluoride impurities.The radiotracer method after neutron activation was applied to determine the corrosion rates in azeotropic fluoride containing nitric acid. Even minute additions of fluorides strongly affect the corrosion resistance of zirconium. In the range between 0.15 and 10 ppm F- and at a temperature of 108°C, corrosion rates between 5.3 · 10-3 and 3.1 mm/y were measured. It was impossible to establish a limit for the fluoride concentration, below which the corrosion rate of zirconium will not be adversely influenced.The corrosion rates of tantalum and the Ta-40Nb alloy are considerably increasing above a fluoride concentration of 10 ppm. The highest corrosion rates measured were between 8.4 · 10-3 mm/y at 50°C/280 ppm F- and 1.4 · 10-2 mm/y at 110°C/320 ppm F-. Within the range of this investigation, the corrosion resistance of tantalum was higher than that of the Ta-40Nb alloy by one order of magnitude.The corrosion resistance of zirconium and tantalum was not influenced by any treatment of the samples before testing.
    Notes: Wegen ihrer hohen Korrosionsbeständigkeit gegenüber zahlreichen Angriffsmitteln sind Zirconium und Tantal sowie die Legierung Tantal-40Niob von großer technischer Bedeutung. Die bisher in azeotroper Salpetersäure p.a. zwischen 20 und 121°C gemessenen Abtragungsraten liegen für Zirconium zwischen 7 · 10-6 und 5 · 10-4 mm/a, für Tantal zwischen 10-8 und 4 · 10-6 mm/a und für die Legierung Ta-40Nb zwischen 2 · 10-7 und 8 · 10-6 mm/a [1]. Diese Abtragungsraten werden durch geringe Fluoridzustände oder -verunreinigungen wesentlich erhöht.Mit der Radiotracermethode nach Neutronenaktivierung wurden die Abtragungsraten in azeotroper, fluoridhaltiger Salpetersäure bestimmt. Zirconium ist schon gegen kleinste Fluoridspuren sehr empfindlich. Im untersuchten Bereich von 0.15 bis 10 ppm F- liegen bei 108°C die Abtragungsraten zwischen 5.3 · 10-3 und 3.1 mm/a. Eine Grenzkonzentration, unterhalb der das Fluorid die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit nicht mehr beeinflußt, kann für Zirconium nicht angegeben werden.Bei Tantal und der Legierung Ta-40Nb nimmt oberhalb einer Grenzkonzentration von 10 ppm F- die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit stark zu. Die höchsten Abtragungsraten liegen zwischen 8.4 · 10-3 mm/a bei 50°C/280 ppm F- und 1.4 · 10-2 mm/a bei 110°C/320 ppm F-. Dabei ist Tantal über den gesamten erfaßten Bereich um etwa das Zehnfache beständiger als die Legierung Ta-40Nb.Sowohl bei Tantal als auch bei Zirconium stellt sich die Abtragungsrate unabhängig von Vorbehandlungen ein.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The application of radiotracer technique for the determination of small corrosion rates of tantalum, a tantalum-niobium-alloy and zirconium in azeotropic nitric acidThe radiotracer technique following neutron activation is a suitable means to measure hitherto hardly detectable, very low corrosion rates. In azeotropic nitric acid, tantalum and the tantalum-40niobium alloy show at 20 to 120°C approximately the same corrosion rates between 0.2 · 10-6 and 8 · 10-6 mm/a; the apparent activation energies are 30 to 40 kJ/mol.In the temperature region from 20 up to 81°C the corrosion rates of zirconium are between 7 · 10-6 and 5 · 10-4 mm/a; the apparent activation energy is 47 kJ/mol.In the case of zirconium, check measurements (analysis of the corrosive medium with AAS and ICP) with non-activated sheet-metal sections resulted in similar corrosion rates.
    Notes: Die Radiotracer-Methode nach Neutronenaktivierung ist geeignet, bisher kaum erfaßbare, sehr geringe Abtragungsraten zu bestimmen. Tantal und die Tantal-40Niob-Lergierung zeigen in azeotroper Salpetersäure bei 22 bis 120°C annähernd gleiche Abtragungsraten von 0,2 · 10-6 bis 8 · 10-6 mm/a; die scheinbaren Aktivierungsenergien betragen 30 bis 40 kJ/mol.Die Abtragungsraten von Zirconium liegen im Temperaturbereich von 20 bis 81°C zwischen 7 · 10-6 und 5 · 10-4 mm/a; die scheinbare Aktivierungsenergie ergibt sich zu 47 kJ/mol.Im Falle des Zirconiums führten Kontrollmessungen (Analyse des Angriffsmittels mit AAS und ICP) an nicht aktivierten Blechabschnitten zu vergleichbaren Abtragungsraten.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 51 (1938), S. 466-471 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 11 Tab.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 131-136 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: II-VI compound ; SrS : Ce ; Photoluminescence ; Concentration quenching ; Phosphorescence ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The luminescence efficiency of SrS: Ce powders in the doping range from 0.01 to 1.0 at.% was investigated by photoluminescence decay studies. The radiative decay time of Ce3+ in SrS was determined to be 27 ns. The onset of concentration quenching at concentrations higher than about 0.7 at.% has been obtained. The photoluminescence spectrum of Ce3+ exhibits two emission bands as a consequence of the ground state splitting. The Huang-Rhys factor of the 5d-4f transition was estimated to be about 6. The inhomogeneous broadening of the emission band of samples with higher doping level has been investigated by site-selective and time-resolved spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 64 (1992), S. 864-865 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 16 (1990), S. 265-270 
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The Ti5Ta alloy shows interesting corrosion behaviour and is becoming technologically important, e.g. for chemical plant construction. Welding and further mechanical tests gave good mechanical properties. Therefore, the corrosion of this alloy was studied in comparison with the corrosion of unalloyed Ti and Ta. The samples were corroded for up to 24 days in hot 67.5% nitric acid.The resulting surface layers were investigated with SEM, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive x-ray microanalyses (EDX), AES and sputtered neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS). Under these conditions, the oxide growth seems to be dependent on the orientation of the crystallites at the surface, which was not observed under milder attack. When Ti5Ta samples were immersed for 5 days in boiling HNO3, the oxide layer was ∼300 nm thick and a particular crack pattern developed on some grains during drying in air at room temperature. This was observed only for oxide layers thicker than 300 nm.After corroding Ti5Ta in boiling HNO3 we observed a TaTi atomic ratio of up to 1:1 using ESCA and up to 5 μm thick Ta oxide-rich scales. The selected area diffraction pattern in the TEM indicates that the oxide film may contain mixed Ti/Ta oxides. The extraordinary Ta oxide enrichment, which is due to the selective dissolution process of Ti, is believed to cause the good corrosion resistance of the alloy. It was not observed after heat treatment in air up to 800 °C or after corrosion tests in HNO3 at room temperature.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Based on an appropriate line shape function the superposition of CH3 and CH2 absorptions of polyethylene between 1330 and 1400 cm-1 was separated into five constitutive bands, two of them being assigned to methyl vibrations. The different length of short branches in high pressure polyethylene enables this separation. Additional characteristics of the line shape and, thus, the fraction of contributing structures are discussed. As a result, the overall branchings and the fraction of ethyl branchings are discerned.
    Notes: Die überlagerten CH3/CH2-Absorptionen der Polyethylenkette im Bereich von 1330 bis 1400 cm-1 werden durch Vorgabe einer geeigneten Linienformfunktion in die Einzelkomponenten zerlegt. Der Komplex besteht aus fünf Teilbanden, zwei werden den Schwingungen der Methylgruppe zugeordnet. Ursache dafür ist die unterschiedliche Länge der kurzen Seitenketten im Hochdruckpolyethylen. Weitere spektrale Größen, die das Bandenprofil und damit auch die Konzentration der anteiligen Strukturen im Komplex bestimmen, werden mitgeteilt. Im Ergebnis der Untersuchungen erhält man neben der Aussage über die Gesamtverzweigung eine weitere Information über den Anteil an Ethylverzweigungen im Produkt.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The effect of propylene and vinyl acetate used as comonomers in the synthesis of high pressure ethylene copolymers on the hydrogen transfer is discussed. The structural changes caused by the comonomers in the chain segments and possibly enabling transfer reactions did really not result in measurable differences of the number of short chain branchings by intramolecular transfer. The differences in the potential and rotational energy in these structures and that of the unsubstituted CH2 chain is suggested to be small with respect to kT, thus the hindrance of rotation being unimportant. The number and kind of short chain branchings depend decisively, as in the homopolymerization of polyethylene, on the reaction parameters pressure and temperature.
    Notes: Der Einfluß der Comonomere Propylen und Vinylacetat auf die intramolekulare Wasserstoffübertragung bei der Hochdrucksynthese der Ethylen-Copolymere wird diskutiert. Es wird gezeigt, daß die durch den Einbau der Comonomere bedingten strukturellen Unterschiede in den zur Übertragung befähigten Kettensegmenten keine meßbaren Änderungen der Zahl der durch intramolekulare Übertragung gebildeten Kurzkettenverzweigungen hervorrufen. Es wird angenommen, daß die Differenz zwischen dem Rotationsenergiepotential dieser Strukturen und dem der unsubstituierten CH2-Kette klein bezüglich kT sein muß, so daß das Rotationsbehinderungspotential nur eine gering fügige Änderung erfährt. Entscheidend für die Zahl und Art der Kurzkettenverzweigungen sind wie bei der Homopolymerisation des Ethylens die Reaktionsparameter Druck und Temperatur.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The results obtained in investigating the long chain branching of high pressure polyethylene (LDPE) and emulsion polybutadiene (PB-E) are provided. Besides 13C NMR data measured in the low and high field region (with hydrated PB-E) comparative values of molecule contraction in solution are considered. The change of the molecular weight distribution and the relationships between molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity in dependence on conversion in the emulsion polymerization of butadiene was investigated. The data required for determining the contraction factor were obtained by combining gel permeation chromatography and solution viscosity measurements. The differences of the results are discussed with respect to their causes.
    Notes: Es wird über Ergebnisse von Langkettenverzweigungsanalysen am Hochdruckpolyethylen (PE-LD) und Emulsionspolybutadien (PB-E) berichtet. Die Ergebnisse aus der 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie im niederen und hohen Feldbereich (am hydrierten PB-E) werden mit Informationen aus den Untersuchungen zur Molekülkontraktion in Lösung verglichen. Die änderungen der Molmassenverteilung sowie die Zusammenhänge zwischen Molmasse und Grenzviskosität als Funktion des Umsatzes bei der Emulsionspolymerisation des Butadiens wurden untersucht. Die Daten zur Bestimmung des Kontraktionsfaktors g′GPC wurden aus der Kombination von Gelpermeationschromatographie und Viskositätsmessungen erhalten. Die Ursachen für die unterschiedlichen Resultate werden diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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