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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochemical basis for carbon monoxide tolerance and butanol production by Butyribacterium methylotrophicum (1999)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 51 (1999), S. 827-832 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The biochemical mechanisms for growth tolerance to a 100% CO headspace in cultures, and butanol plus ethanol production from CO by Butyribacterium methylotrophicum were assessed in the wild-type and CO-adapted strains. The CO-adapted strain grew on glucose or CO under a 100% CO headspace, whereas, the growth of the wild-type strain was severely inhibited by 100% CO. The CO-adapted strain, unlike the wild-type, also produced butyrate, from either pyruvate or CO. The CO-adapted strain was a metabolic mutant having higher levels of ferredoxin–NAD oxidoreductase activity, which was not inhibited by NADH. Consequently, only the CO-adapted strain can grow on CO because CO oxidation generates reduced ferredoxin which, via the mutated ferredoxin–NAD reductase activity, forms reduced NADH required for catabolism. When the CO-adapted strain was grown at pH 6.0 it produced butanol (0.33 g/l) and ethanol (0.5 g/l) from CO and the cells contained the following NAD-linked enzyme activities (μmol min−1 mg protein−1): butyraldehyde dehydrogenase (227), butanol dehydrogenase (686), acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (82) and ethanol dehydrogenase (129).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530051469
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biotechnology of succinic acid production and markets for derived industrial products (1999)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 51 (1999), S. 545-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Succinic acid, derived from fermentation of agricultural carbohydrates, has a specialty chemical market in industries producing food and pharmaceutical products, surfactants and detergents, green solvents and biodegradable plastics, and ingredients to stimulate animal and plant growth. As a carbon-intermediate chemical, fermentation-derived succinate has the potential to supply over 2.7 × 108 kg industrial products/year including: 1,4-butanediol, tetrahydrofuran, γ-butyrolactone, adipic acid, n-methylpyrrolidone and linear aliphatic esters. Succinate yields as high as 110 g/l have been achieved from glucose by the newly discovered rumen organism Actinobacillus succinogenes. Succinate fermentation is a novel process because the greenhouse gas CO2 is fixed into succinate during glucose fermentation. New developments in end-product recovery technology, including water-splitting electrodialysis and liquid/liquid extraction have lowered the cost of succinic acid production to U.S. $ 0.55/kg at the 75 000 tonne/year level and to $ 2.20/kg at the 5000 tonne/year level. Research directions aimed at further improving the succinate fermentation economics are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530051431
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Toxicity of Cadmium on Scale Morphology in Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae) (1998)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 323-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900629
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Carbofuran and Hexachlorocyclohexane on N2O Production in Alluvial Soils (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 62 (1999), S. 584-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900915
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electric circuit model for MgO-doped ZrO2–TiO2 ceramic humidity sensor (1998)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 73 (1998), S. 3854-3856 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The MgO-doped ZrO2–TiO2 ceramic pellets were studied for its humidity-sensitive electrical conduction. An equivalent circuit model has been proposed to define the humidity-sensitive electrical properties. This model is in agreement with the experimental findings. The electrical conduction is largely controlled by the intergranular impedance except at very high humidities. The impedance of the pellets showed inductive behavior in high-humidity region. This behavior can be attributed to the spherical paths adopted by charge carrier because conduction is mainly through the spherical grain surface. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122915
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interfacial Enzymology of Glycerolipid Hydrolases: Lessons from Secreted Phospholipases A2 (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 64 (1995), S. 653-688 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.64.070195.003253
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methane emission from two Indian soils planted with different rice cultivars (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 285-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Methane emission ; Wetland soils ; Greenhouse gases ; Inceptisol ; Vertisol ; Rice ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a greenhouse study, methane emissions were measured from two diverse Indian rice-growing soils planted to five rice cultivars under similar water regimes, fertilizer applications and environmental conditions. Significant variations were observed in methane emitted from soils growing different cultivars. Total methane emission varied between 8.04 and 20.92gm–2 from IARI soil (Inceptisol) and between 1.47 and 10.91gm–2 from Raipur soil (Vertisol) planted to rice. In all the cultivars, emissions from IARI soil were higher than from Raipur soil. The first methane flux peak was noticed during the reproductive phase and the second peak coincided with the grain-ripening stage of the rice cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050316
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cadmium-Induced Changes in the Histology of Kidneys in Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae) (1997)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 58 (1997), S. 456 -462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900356
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochemical route and control of butyrate synthesis in Butyribacterium methylotrophicum (1996)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 45 (1996), S. 355-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  Butyribacterium methylotrophicum produced more butyrate when grown on lactate than when grown on glucose, and only acetate was detected during growth on pyruvate. Higher levels of NADH were found in butyrate-producing than in acetate-producing cells. The addition of neutral red, an electron-flow modulator, to cells growing on pyruvate altered the carbon and electron flow from acetate plus H2 synthesis to butyrate synthesis. Enzymatic analysis suggested that pyruvate was produced from glucose via an Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. Pyruvate was further metabolized to butyryl-CoA via, β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA and butyryl-CoA dehydrogenases. Lactate dehydrogenase, unlike butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, was inducible and detected only in lactate-grown cells. Both of these dehydrogenases utilized 2,6-dichloroindophenol and other artificial electron acceptors but not NAD(P). Ferredoxin–NAD oxidoreductase levels were highest in lactate and lowest in pyruvate-grown cells. Cells contained both a ferredoxin–neutral-red reductase activity and a neutral-red–NAD reductase activity that coupled electron flow to butyrate synthesis. These results showed that butyrate synthesis by B. methylotrophicum was regulated by the carbon source and was dependent on the cellular NADH/NAD ratios, and the levels and direction of ferredoxin- and NAD-linked oxidoreductases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530050696
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of hydrogen metabolism in Butyribacterium methylotrophicum by substrate and pH (1996)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 45 (1996), S. 804-810 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  Exogenous H2/CO2 and glucose were consumed simultaneously by Butyribacterium methylotrophicum when grown under glucose-limited conditions. CO2 reduction to acetate was coupled to H2 consumption. The addition of either H2 or CO2 to glucose batch fermentation resulted in an increase in cell density, hydrogenase (H2-consuming and -producing) activities and fatty acid production by B. methylotrophicum as compared to when N2 was the feed gas. Hydrogenase activities appeared to be tightly regulated and were produced at higher rates during the exponential phase when CO2 was the feed gas as compared to H2 or N2. The increase in H2-consuming activity and decrease in H2-producing activity was correlated with an increase in butyrate synthesis. H2-consuming and ferredoxin (Fd)–NAD reductase activities increased while H2-producing and NADH–Fd reductase activities decreased in cells grown at pH 5.5 compared to those at pH 7.0. The molar ratio of butyrate/acetate was shifted from 0.35 at pH 7.0 to 1.22 at pH 5.5. The addition of exogenous H2 did not decrease the butyrate/acetate ratio at pH 7.0 nor at pH 5.5. The results indicated that growth pH values regulated both hydrogenase and Fd–NAD oxidoreductase activities such that, at acid pH, more intermediary electron flow was directed towards butyrate synthesis than H2 production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530050766
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