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  • 1
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    Early Adaptive Radiation of Birds: Evidence from Fossils from Northeastern China (1996)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-11-15
    Description: Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous birds from northeastern China, including many complete skeletons of Confuciusornis, provide evidence for a fundamental dichotomy in the class Aves that may antedate the temporal occurrence of the Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx. The abundance of Confuciusornis may provide evidence of avian social behavior. Jurassic skeletal remains of an ornithurine bird lend further support to the idea of an early separation of the line that gave rise to modern birds. Chaoyangia, an ornithurine bird from the Early Cretaceous of China, has premaxillary teeth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hou -- Martin -- Zhou -- Feduccia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Nov 15;274(5290):1164-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉L. Hou, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Post Office Box 643, Beijing 100044, China. L. D. Martin, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. Z. Zhou, IVPP, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Post Office Box 643, Beijing 100044, China, and Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. A. Feduccia, Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8895459" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic Detection of a Phase Transition for Illinois No. 6 Coal in Pyridine by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NMRI) and NMR Spectroscopy (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Energy & fuels 9 (1995), S. 84-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5029
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef00049a013
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis and finite element approximation of an optimal control problem in electrochemistry with current density controls (1995)
    Springer
    Numerische Mathematik 71 (1995), S. 289-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: Mathematics Subject Classification (1991): 49J20, 49K20, 65K10, 65N15, 65N30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary. An optimal control problem for impressed cathodic systems in electrochemistry is studied. The control in this problem is the current density on the anode. A matching objective functional is considered. We first demonstrate the existence and uniqueness of solutions for the governing partial differential equation with a nonlinear boundary condition. We then prove the existence of an optimal solution. Next, we derive a necessary condition of optimality and establish an optimality system of equations. Finally, we define a finite element algorithm and derive optimal error estimates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002110050146
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis and approximation of optimal control problems for a simplified Ginzburg-Landau model of superconductivity (1997)
    Springer
    Numerische Mathematik 77 (1997), S. 243-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: Mathematics Subject Classification (1991): 65N30, 49J20, 35J65, 81Q05
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary. This paper is concerned with optimal control problems for a Ginzburg-Landau model of superconductivity that is valid for high values of the Ginzburg-Landau parameter and high external fields. The control is of Neumann type. We first show that optimal solutions exist. We then show that Lagrange multipliers may be used to enforce the constraints and derive an optimality system from which optimal states and controls may be deduced. Then we define finite element approximations of solutions for the optimality system and derive error estimates for the approximations. Finally, we report on some numerical results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002110050285
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The resistive interchange mode in the presence of equilibrium flow (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 473-481 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The influence of a sub-Alfvénic equilibrium flow along the magnetic field and a weak fluid viscosity on the resistive gravitational interchange mode is investigated in plane slab geometry. With a uniform resistivity, the current layer is subject to both tearing and interchange so that a degree of mode-mixing is inevitable. In contrast to the tearing mode which is destabilized, sub-Alfvénic flow is shown to have a stabilizing effect on the linear resistive interchange mode. © 1996 American Institute of Physics. [S1070-664(96)00702-9]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871873
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Heat Treatment and Additives on the Photochromic and Mechanical Properties of Sol-Gel Derived Photochromic Coatings Containing Spirooxazine (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 923-926 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: photochromism ; photochromic coatings ; spirooxazine ; photochromic properties ; mechanical properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The experimental results on the photochromic and mechanical properties of coatings containing 1,3-dihydro-1,3,3-trimethylspiro[2H-indole-2,3′-(3H)-naphth(2,1-b)(1,4) oxazine] (SO) derived from 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS), bisphenol A (BPA) and 1-methylimidazole (MI) by sol-gel processing are presented. It is shown that heat treatment temperature is a conflicting factor to the photochromic intensity (Δ A 0), photostability and abrasion resistance of the photochromic coatings. With increasing densification temperature the matrix rigidity increases leading to a decrease of Δ A 0 and at the same time an enhancement of both abrasion resistance and photostability, the optimum heat treatment temperature is 110°C under our experimental conditions. By the use of certain additives, e.g., fluorosilanes (FAS), not only Δ A 0 but also the photostability and the abrasion resistance of the photochromic coatings have been further improved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018384913360
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhancement of the Photochromic Performance of Spirooxazine in Sol-Gel Derived Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Matrices by Additives (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 927-929 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: organic-inorganic hybrids ; sol-gel ; photochromic performance ; spirooxazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Organic-inorganic hybrid materials synthesized via sol-gel processing are excellent solid matrices for photochromic dyes like spirooxazine, and the photochromic performance can be further enhanced by introducing suitable additives. This work describes the effects of additives on the photochromic intensity (Δ A 0), decolouration rate (k) and photostability of spirooxazine in sol-gel derived organic-inorganic hybrid matrices. They include fluoro-alkylsilane (FAS), bisphenol A (BPA) and methyl-imidazole (MI). FAS enhances both Δ A 0 and photostability, but has little effect on k. The higher the content of BPA, the higher the Δ A 0 and the higher the photostability, but the lower the k. The effect of MI on Δ A 0 and k is not so considerable as that of BPA and is a little complicated, while significant improvement in photostability is achieved by the addition of MI at an optimum concentration with the presence of BPA at a higher content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018337030198
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of heat treatment and additives on the photochromic and mechanical properties of sol-gel derived photochromic coatings containing spirooxazine (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 923-926 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: photochromism ; photochromic coatings ; spirooxazine ; photochromic properties ; mechanical properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The experimental results on the photochromic and mechanical properties of coatings containing 1,3-dihydro-1,3,3-trimethylspiro[2H-indole-2,3′-(3H)-naphth(2,1-b)(1,4) oxazine] (SO) derived from 3-glycidyl-oxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS), bisphenolA (BPA) and 1-methylimidazole (MI) by sol-gel processing are presented. It is shown that heat treatment temperature is a conflicting factor to the photochromic intensity (ΔA 0), photostability and abrasion resistance of the photochromic coatings. With increasing densification temperature the matrix rigidity increases leading to a decrease of ΔA 0 and at the same time an enhancement of both abrasion resistance and photostability, the optimum heat treatment temperature is 110°C under our experimental conditions. By the use of certain additives, e.g., fluorosilanes (FAS), not only ΔA 0 but also the photostability and the abrasion resistance of the photochromic coatings have been further improved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02436961
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhancement of the photochromic performance of spirooxazine in sol-gel derived organic-inorganic hybrid matrices by additives (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 927-929 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: organic-inorganic hybrids ; sol-gel ; photochromic performance ; spirooxazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Organic-inorganic hybrid materials synthesized via sol-gel processing are excellent solid matrices for photochromic dyes like spirooxazine, and the photochromic performance can be further enhanced by introducing suitable additives. This work describes the effects of additives on the photochromic intensity (ΔA 0), decolouration rate (k) and photostability of spirooxazine in sol-gel derived organic-inorganic hybrid matrices. They include fluoroalkylsilane (FAS), bisphenolA (BPA) and methyl-imidazole (MI). FAS enhances both ΔA 0 and photostability, but has little effect onk. The higher the content of BPA, the higher the ΔA 0 and the higher the photostability, but the lower thek. The effect of MI on ΔA 0 andk is not so considerable as that of BPA and is a little complicated, while significant improvement in photostability is achieved by the addition of MI at an optimum concentration with the presence of BPA at a higher content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02436962
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disappearance of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene and 2-Amino,4,6-Dinitrotoluene by Phanerochaete chrysosporium Under Non-Ligninolytic Conditions (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 62 (1999), S. 390-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900887
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