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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The two-dimensional structure of radiative divertor plasmas in the DIII-D tokamak : The 38th annual meeting of the Division of Plasma Physics (DPP) of the American Physical Society (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 1761-1773 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Recent measurements of the two-dimensional (2-D) spatial profiles of divertor plasma density, temperature, and emissivity in the DIII-D tokamak [J. Luxon et al., in Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1987), p. 159] under highly radiating conditions are presented. Data are obtained using a divertor Thomson scattering system and other diagnostics optimized for measuring the high electron densities and low temperatures in these detached divertor plasmas (ne≤1021 m−3, 0.5 eV≤Te). D2 gas injection in the divertor increases the plasma radiation and lowers Te to less than 2 eV in most of the divertor volume. Modeling shows that this temperature is low enough to allow ion–neutral collisions, charge exchange, and volume recombination to play significant roles in reducing the plasma pressure along the magnetic separatrix by a factor of 3–5, consistent with the measurements. Absolutely calibrated vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy and 2-D images of impurity emission show that carbon radiation near the X-point, and deuterium radiation near the target plates contribute to the reduction in Te. Uniformity of radiated power (Prad) (within a factor of 2) along the outer divertor leg, with peak heat flux on the divertor target reduced fourfold, was obtained. A comparison with 2-D fluid simulations shows good agreement when physical sputtering and an ad hoc chemical sputtering source (0.5%) from the private flux region surface are used. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872278
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Very high- and high-confinement mode limited discharges in DIII-D (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 1005-1011 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The first observations of marginally limited very high confinement mode (VH-mode) discharges have been achieved in DIII-D [Nucl. Fusion Special Supplement: World Survey of Activities in Controlled Fusion Research (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1990)] with significant reductions in peak heat flux conducted to plasma facing surfaces. In addition, quasistationary well limited high confinement-mode (H-mode) discharges have been obtained in DIII-D, also with reduced peak heat flux. This demonstration of reduced peak heat flux while maintaining high performance, i.e., high energy confinement time, can be important for the design of fusion ignition devices. Energy confinement enhancements in these high triangularity discharges are comparable to diverted discharges with similar parameters: τE/τITER-89P=2.9 for VH-mode and τE/τITER-89P=1.8 for quasistationary high confinement mode (H mode), where τITER-89P is the empirically derived low confinement mode (L-mode) energy confinement scaling relation [Nucl. Fusion 30, 1999 (1990)]. Comparisons of the conducted heat flux, particle flux, and radiated power profiles show a shift toward the inner wall as the discharge configuration becomes more limited. In addition to the advantage of reduced peak heat flux in these limiter discharges, such configurations also allow more effective use of the internal vessel volume, providing the potential for higher performance, i.e., higher plasma current at a fixed safety factor, q95. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871811
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-filter colorimetry in DIII–D to measure in situ erosion and deposition of plasma facing surfaces (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 5257-5261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Three-filter colorimetry has been introduced in the DIII–D tokamak to measure in situ the growth and the erosion of transparent wall coatings (a-C/B:H) in the divertor region. Colorimetry uses the interference of light on a transparent layer to measure the film thickness. The colorimetry setup at DIII–D consists of a light source, a black and white camera, and a filter wheel equipped with three broadband color filters. A white light source illuminates the area of interest. A picture with each filter is recorded and digitized. Thus the interference color of a semitransparent layer is measured and the film thickness is computed using the formalism of thin film optics. Since color cameras are more sensitive to neutron damage, a set of three filters was chosen which best matches the responsivity of a radiation-hardened B/W camera. In fact, one infrared filter and two visible filters are used. The three 2D camera images obtained from rotating the three filters into the line of sight of the camera are used to produce a 2D image of the change in film thickness due to the high flux of particles and power incident on the film during a diverted discharge. In a first measurement, the technique was used to measure the growth of a boron film in situ in the DIII–D tokamak. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146095
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abscisic acid concentrations and fluxes in droughted conifer saplings (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 18 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We present the first study of abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations and fluxes in the xylem sap of conifers during a drought cycle. In both Pinus sylvestris and Picea sitchensis the concentration of ABA in the sap rose 11-fold as the drought progressed. There were clear diurnal trends in this concentration, which reached its maximum (6–8.ininol ABA m−3) near the middle of the day. The fluxes of ABA were calculated by multiplying the xylem ABA concentration by the sap flow rate. The ABA fluxes in the droughted plants in the middle of the day were usually no higher than those of the controls, as a result of the very low sap flow in the droughted plants at that time. However, the ABA flux in the droughted plants was higher than in the controls in the morning, and we postulate that the stomata are responding to these ‘morning doses’Stomatal conductance, gs, could not be related statistically to leaf turgor or to the ABA flux. However, £s did display a negative exponential relationship with ABA concentration in the xylem.Pinus displayed more acclimation to drought than Picea, Its ABA concentration rose and its stomatal conductance fell at day 6 of the drought, as opposed to day 17 for Picea, and its osmotic potential fell during the drought treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00539.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Xylem cavitation in two mature Scots pine forests growing in a wet and a dry area of Britain (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 18 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The xylem cavitation rate, stem water content, stomatal conductance and leaf water potential of mature Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were compared over a period of 18 months at two sites in Britain where trees were planted from the same seed source. The sites were at Thetford in south-east England, where the climate is relatively warm and dry (average rainfall of 600mm per year), and Aberfoyle in central Scotland, where it is relatively cool and wet (average rainfall of 1500 mm year−1). In the first year of study (1992) the natural difference between the sites was amplified by a severe drought affecting south-east England. Acoustic emissions (as a result of cavitation) were detected at both sites, but were not an everyday occurrence, and rates depended on short-term meteorological variation. The relative water content (RWC) of the trunk at breast height at Thetford was significantly lower than at Aberfoyle, and declined in parallel with increasing severity of drought. Following the release from drought a gradual increase in RWC was found, but the pre-drought RWC was not attained. The same xylem water potential gradient and stomatal conductance was found at the two sites; but on a diurnal basis, as water potential declined, cavitation rates increased. There was no difference in vulnerability to cavitation or in hydraulic conductance between the sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00202.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bis[5,5-dichloro-4,6-dioxo-3,7-diaza-1,9-nonanediylbis(dimethylammonium)] Tetrachlorohexa-μ-chloro-μ4-oxo-tetracuprate(II) (1996)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 52 (1996), S. 1907-1908 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270196002764
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary estimates of the age and growth of immature smooth oreo Pseudocyttus maculatus Gilchrist 1906 (Oreosomatidae) in the Falkland Islands region of the South Atlantic (1998)
    Springer
    Polar biology 19 (1998), S. 330-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sectioned otoliths were used to estimate the age of 29 specimens of the smooth oreo (Pseudocyttus maculatus Gilchrist 1906) from the Falkland Islands region of the South Atlantic. This represents the first ageing study of this species in this region of the world. All specimens were immature (sub-adults), the largest having a maximum total length of 347 mm. Growth increments were observed in sectioned otoliths and assumed to be annual in periodicity. The maximum age estimate of individuals in this study was 20 years and the form of somatic growth was similar to previous research on this species from Australian waters. The otolith microstructure consisted of an inner, mostly opaque zone with wide increments followed by an outer, mostly translucent zone with narrower increments. It is suggested that these zones correspond to the two growth phases in the life history of this species, namely the pelagic juvenile phase (opaque zone) and the demersal sub-adult/adult phase (translucent zone).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050254
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beak length analysis of arrow squid Nototodarus sloanii (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in southern New Zealand waters (1996)
    Springer
    Polar biology 16 (1996), S. 227-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Beak length analysis was undertaken for the arrow squid Nototodarus sloanii in the New Zealand sector of the Southern Ocean between Stewart Island and the Auckland Islands. N. sloanii has a restricted range and is endemic to the waters around New Zealand and its associated southern islands, where it supports a fishery and is preyed upon by a number of fishes, marine mammals and birds. Lower rostral length (LRL) and upper rostral length (URL) were analysed to see how these beak measurements related to both mantle length (ML) and wet weight (W). Both lower and upper rostral lengths could be used as useful predictors of ML and W in N. sloanii, as relationships had limited scatter and high correlation coefficients. The relationships between LRL and ML, and URL and ML were only linear after regressing log-transformed values of beak length against ML. However, the relationships between LRL and W, and URL and W were linear without transforming either the x or y values. These results are different from previously published beak length analyses of Nototodarus in New Zealand waters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050048
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Food spectrum of the deepwater squid Moroteuthis ingens (Cephalopoda: Onychoteuthidae) in New Zealand waters (1998)
    Springer
    Polar biology 20 (1998), S. 56-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Prey species of the deepwater squid Moroteuthis ingens were examined for 37 large specimens captured in New Zealand waters. Caecum contents were predominantly less than 80% full and covered a range of digestion stages. The diet consisted of fish (at least seven species, of which four were myctophids) and squid. The most abundant prey was the myctophid Lampanyctodes hectoris, which was represented by 1323 otoliths from 22 caeca. The second most abundant prey was viperfish (Chauliodus sloani) and/or dragonfish (Stomias boa), represented by 537 otoliths from 17 caeca. Individual squid appeared to ingest surprisingly large numbers of fish (up to 100) during a single feeding period and could achieve feeding rates greater than 10% of their body weight per day. While some males appeared to ingest larger numbers of L. hectoris, females targeted significantly larger individuals of L. hectoris thereby ingesting a greater biomass of fish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050276
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age, growth and maturation of the deepwater squid Moroteuthis ingens (Cephalopoda: Onychoteuthidae) in New Zealand waters (1997)
    Springer
    Polar biology 17 (1997), S. 268-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Individuals of the deepwater squid Moro- teuthis ingens were obtained from New Zealand waters at depths between 500 and 1452 m. Depth distribution suggested that there was an ontogenetic migration to deeper water by females in association with maturity. Males did not show any clear pattern in their depth distribution. Statolith increment analysis was also undertaken to obtain putative age and life span information. Based on statolith age estimates, M. ingens appears to be predominantly an annual species with the oldest individuals aged at 358 and 393 days for males and females respectively. The form of growth over the size range sampled was linear with females having a growth rate almost twice that of males. Back-calculated hatching dates revealed a peak in hatching in the austral winter between June and August. Maturation in males was more closely related to size rather than age whereas in females the pattern in ovary growth in relation to both mantle length and age was similar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050131
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