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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A 36 cm2 large monolythic pn-charge coupled device x-ray detector for the European XMM satellite mission (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 68 (1997), S. 4271-4274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Monolythic arrays of 12 pn-charge coupled devices 3×1 cm2 each, have been developed and produced for the focal plane instrumentation of the high throughput European Photon Imaging Camera on XMM and the German ABRIXAS x-ray satellite mission. The design parameters have been optimized to match the properties of the x-ray imaging optics as well as the x-ray intensity, energy bandwidth, and characteristic time constants of objects to be observed. The pixel size is 150×150 μm2; read-out is performed in parallel with 64 channels in each subunit, resulting in a total of 768 channels; low noise, spectroscopic performance is realized by on-chip integrated JFET electronics; high ohmic, ultrapure bulk material allows full depletion and enhances the efficiency for higher energy x-ray detection. The fabrication process, the layout topology, and the operating conditions guarantee ten years operation in space without performance degradation. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1148341
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Band gap and band alignment of strain reduced Si/Si1−x−yGexCy multiple quantum well structures obtained by photoluminescence measurements (1998)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 73 (1998), S. 1257-1259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effect of strain compensation in Si/SiGeC multiple quantum wells (MQWs) is investigated. Photoluminescence measurements on strain-reduced Si/SiGeC layers indicate a type-I band alignment. Values for the conduction-band and valence-band offsets of nearly strain-free Si/SiGeC MQWs are presented. Variation of the strain in the pseudomorphic layers reveals a lowering of the gap energy for exactly strain-compensated SiGeC compared to compressive SiGeC. A model is developed which explains this energy behavior in terms of band offsets and confinement shifts. The band alignments of strain-reduced Si/SiGeC and Si/SiC are compared. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122144
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-Resolution High-Count-Rate X-ray Spectroscopy with State-of-the-Art Silicon Detectors (1998)
    Chester : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Journal of synchrotron radiation 5 (1998), S. 268-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5775
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: For the European X-ray multi-mirror (XMM) satellite mission and the German X-ray satellite ABRIXAS, fully depleted pn-CCDs have been fabricated, enabling high-speed low-noise position-resolving X-ray spectroscopy. The detector was designed and fabricated with a homogeneously sensitive area of 36 cm2. At 150 K it has a noise of 4 e− r.m.s., with a readout time of the total focal plane array of 4 ms. The maximum count rate for single-photon counting was 105 counts s−1 under flat-field conditions. In the integration mode more than 109 counts s−1 can be detected at 6 keV. Its position resolution is of the order of 100 µm. The quantum efficiency is higher than 90% from carbon K X-rays (277 eV) up to 10 keV. New cylindrical silicon drift detectors have been designed, fabricated and tested. They comprise an integrated on-chip amplifier system with continuous reset, on-chip voltage divider, electron accumulation layer stabilizer, large area, homogeneous radiation entrance window and a drain for surface-generated leakage current. At count rates as high as 2 × 106 counts cm−2 s−1, they still show excellent spectroscopic behaviour at room-temperature operation in single-photon detection mode. The energy resolution at room temperature is 220 eV at 6 keV X-ray energy and 140 eV at 253 K, being achieved with Peltier coolers. These systems were operated at synchrotron light sources (ESRF, HASYLAB and NLS) as X-ray fluorescence spectrometers in scanning electron microscopes and as ultra low noise photodiodes. The operation of a multi-channel silicon drift detector system is already foreseen at synchrotron light sources for X-ray holography experiments. All systems are fabricated in planar technology having the detector and amplifiers monolithically integrated on high-resistivity silicon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0909049597014052
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field Calibration of a Neutron Moisture Meter in Vertisols (1999)
    Springer
    Soil Science Society of America journal 63 (1999), S. 11-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-0661
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Post-mating effects in the grasshopper, Gomphocerus rufus L. mediated by the spermatheca (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 184 (1999), S. 325-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Grasshopper ; Defensive behavior ; Spermatheca ; Contact chemoreceptors ; Accessory gland secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the female grasshopper Gomphocerus rufus mating replaces copulatory readiness with immediate and long-lasting `secondary defense', during which further mating attempts are efficiently repelled. The behavioral change is caused by secretions from the male accessory glands' white secretory tubule 1 which is injected with the spermatophore material into the female's spermathecal duct. A bristle field of contact chemoreceptors at the entry of the spermathecal duct into the endbulb is assumed to be stimulated by the secretion. Ablation of the bristle field, interruption of the nervous pathway between the spermatheca and the ventral nervecord, or severance of the latter sustains sexual receptivity after mating. Both the secretion from white secretary tubule 1 and the spermatophore contained in the spermatheca of a mated female are digested by proteolytic enzymes from spermathecal gland cells. Dissolved material is resorbed by similar glandular-like cells. The intersexual conflicts of interest and their evolutionary consequences are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050330
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control mechanisms of the behavior ‘secondary defense’ in the grasshopper Gomphocerus rufus L. (Gomphocerinae: Orthoptera) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 178 (1996), S. 329-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Grasshopper ; Sexual behavior ; Spermatophore ; Accessory gland secretion ; Surgical ablations ; Biochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the female grasshopper Gomphocerus rufus mating elicits ‘secondary defense’ which makes remating impossible. The behavioral change is caused by the liquid white secretions, proteins of less than 90 kD, which are produced by the white tubuli of the male's accessory glands. Experimental injection of the white secretions directly into the spermathecal duct of receptive virgins provokes ‘secondary defense’ instantly whereas sperm transfer had no such effect. ‘Secondary defense’ is also released by eggs entering the oviducts and excerting pressure against the oviductal walls on their way to oviposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193971
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NIR-spectrometric analysis of food. Methodical development and achievable performance values (1998)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 360 (1998), S. 832-835 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The application of near infrared spectrometry (NIRS) to estimate the distribution of macro nutrients in food provides a rapid method for predicting food quality. Three methods have been developed for quantitative determination of the constituents of foods containing high levels of moisture (meat products, “consumable meals” and potatoes) using reflectance spectrometry in the near infrared region within 1100–2500 nm. Experience concerning these NIRS method developments is reported in order to predict e.g. the fat, crude protein and carbohydrate content. Generally, the performance values achieved so far indicate that the methods may be used as a replacement for conventional expensive and time-consuming wet chemical analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050821
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Fully Depleted pn-Junction CCD for Infrared-, UV- and X- ray detection (1998)
    Springer
    Experimental astronomy 8 (1998), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9508
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the performance of the Fully Depleted pn-junction CCD (pn-CCD) system, developed for ESA's XMM-satellite mission for soft x-ray imaging and spectroscopy in the single photon counting mode in the 100 eV to 10 keV photon range. The 58 mm x 60 mm large pn-CCD array, designed and fabricated at the Semiconductor Lab (Halbleiterlabor) of the Max-Planck-Institut, uses pn-junctions for registers and as backside structure. This concept naturally enables full depletion of the detector volume independent of the silicon wafer's resistivity and thickness, and as such make it an efficient detector for the x-ray region and the infrared. For high detection efficiency in the soft x-ray region and UV, an ultrathin pn-CCD backside deadlayer has been realized. Each pn-CCD-channel is equipped with its own on-chip JFET amplifier which, in combination with the CAMEX-amplifier and multiplexing chip, facilitates parallel readout and fast data rate: the cooled pn-CCD system can be read out at a data rate up to 3 MHz with an electronic noise floor of ENC 〈 5 e-.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008008808704
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of N-enriched rock powder on soil chemistry, organic matter formation and plant nutrition in lignite-poor sandy mine spoil in the forest reclamation practice (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 213 (1999), S. 99-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition ; forest reclamation ; mine spoil ; N-enriched rock powder ; organic matter production ; rock powder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of a slow-release N-enriched rock powder on soil chemistry, on the development of the soil vegetation (field layer vegetation), on the nutritional status of pine seedlings (Pinus sylvestris L.), and on decomposition rates of cellulose in lignite-poor mine spoils were studied. In the initial phase after afforestation fertilization caused a significant increase in NO3 −-N concentrations in the soil solution of the top-soil (0–60 cm). Subsequently, NO3 −-N concentrations of all N fertilized treatments decreased with the exception of the highest N application area (500 kg N ha−1). This decrease of NO3 −-N concentrations was related to the establishment of a field layer vegetation, which developed according to the amount of N applied. In the above-ground phytomass of the field layer vegetation a maximum N accumulation amount of 22 kg ha−1 was measured. Cellulose decomposition increased with higher N application rates. In the second year after N-fertilization, the pine needles indicated insufficient supply for almost all nutrients except for N. The deficiency symptoms were most pronounced at the plots that had received the highest amounts of nitrogen. This phenomenon appears to be related to the competition by the field layer vegetation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004638203867
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NIR determination of potato constituents (1998)
    Springer
    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 327-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: near infrared spectrometry ; modified partial least squares regression ; quality characterisation ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The development of a method of NIR (near infrared) spectrometric analysis to measure the quality determining constituents of potatoes and the accuracy of its performance are presented. The results show that it is possible to obtain quantitative information about different constituents from reflectance measurement of homogenized peeled potatoes. The analytical performance of NIR spectrometry is highly dependent on the cultivar being measured. Consequently, the calibration and validation sample sets will have to be expanded to provide greater utility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358965
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