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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-Related Analysis of Alachlor Concentrations in Florida Wells (1997)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 58 (1997), S. 934-938 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900424
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SOME CHEMICAL AND STRUCTURAL EFFECTS ON THE PROPERTIES OF HIGH-Tc SUPERCONDUCTORS1 (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 47 (1996), S. 283-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The history of superconductivity, including superconductivity in the high-Tc cuprates, is reviewed very briefly, and the differences between conventional superconductors and the high-Tc cuprates are summarized. The basic crystal structures of the major series of high-Tc cuprates are described and compared. The relation of structures to superconducting properties is reviewed with an emphasis on the orthorhombic-tetragonal transition in (La2-x Srx)CuO4; the corresponding transition, and also the transition to the low-temperature tetragonal phase in (La2-xBax)CuO4; and the effects of oxygen vacancies, oxygen-vacancy ordering, frozen-in disorder, and occupation of the off-chain O(5) sites in YBa2Cu3O7-delta. The effects of chemical substitutions of lanthanide elements on the La/Sr sites in (La2-xSrx)CuO4 and on the Y sites in YBa2Cu3O7-delta, and of 3d elements and sp elements on the Cu sites in both systems are reviewed. The difference between the effects of the lanthanide substitutions, particularly Pr, in the two systems are considered. Major properties of the Bi-, Tl-, and Hg-cuprates, are described briefly. A comparison of the high-Tc cuprates with noncuprate oxide superconductors is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physchem.47.1.283
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion cyclotron range of frequency experiments in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor with fast waves and mode converted ion Bernstein waves (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 2006-2012 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Recent experiments in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor [Fusion Technol. 21, 13 (1992)] are discussed. These experiments include mode conversion heating and current drive, fast wave current drive, and heating of low (L)- mode deuterium–tritium (D–T) plasmas in both the hydrogen minority and second harmonic tritium regimes. In mode conversion heating, a central electron temperature of 10 keV was attained with 3.3 MW of radio-frequency power. In mode conversion current drive experiments, up to 130 kA of current was noninductively driven, on and off axis, and the current profiles were modified. Fast wave current drive experiments have produced 70–80 kA of noninductively driven current. Heating of L-mode deuterium and D–T plasmas by hydrogen minority ICRF has been compared. Finally, heating of L-mode D–T plasmas at the second harmonic of the tritium cyclotron frequency has been demonstrated. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871997
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The interaction of fast alpha particles with pellet ablation clouds (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 381-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The energy spectra of energetic confined alpha particles are being measured using the pellet charge exchange method [R. K. Fisher, J. S. Leffler, A. M. Howald, and P. B. Parks, Fusion Technol. 13, 536 (1988)]. The technique uses the dense ablation cloud surrounding an injected impurity pellet to neutralize a fraction of the incident alpha particles, allowing them to escape from the plasma where their energy spectrum can be measured using a neutral particle analyzer. The signal calculations given in the above-mentioned reference disregarded the effects of the alpha particles' helical Larmor orbits, which causes the alphas to make multiple passes through the cloud. Other effects such as electron ionization by plasma and ablation cloud electrons and the effect of the charge state composition of the cloud, were also neglected. This report considers these issues, reformulates the signal level calculation, and uses a Monte-Carlo approach to calculate the neutralization fractions. The possible effects of energy loss and pitch angle scattering of the alphas are also considered. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872097
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Operation of the TFTR pellet charge exchange diagnostic in the pulse counting mode during H+ radio frequency minority heating : Proceedings of the 12th topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 841-844 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The pellet charge exchange technique on TFTR has been used primarily to obtain active charge exchange measurements using a high-energy (0.5–4.0 MeV) neutral particle analyzer (NPA) in conjunction with impurity pellet injection (Li and B) with the scintillator-photomultiplier detector system operated in the current mode. While passive measurements using pulse counting were also obtained using this instrumentation, operation in this mode was very restrictive with pulse counting rates limited to less than ∼10 kHz in the absence of any significant neutron and gamma induced background signal. An upgrade to a specialized pulse counting capability which was developed by the Ioffe Institute was implemented which consisted of CsI(Tl) scintillators having features designed to minimize signals induced by background neutron and gamma rays and 16-channel pulse height analysis electronics on each of the eight NPA energy channels. Passive measurements of rf-driven energetic hydrogen minority ions which served to verify operation of the pulse counting mode are reported. It is shown that in the passive mode the main donors for the neutralization of H+ ions in this energy range are C5+ ions. The measured effective H+ tail temperatures range from 0.15 MeV at a rf power of 2 MW to 0.35 MeV at 6 MW. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149406
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New alpha-particle diagnostic using knock-on ion tails (abstract) : Proceedings of the tenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 949-949 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We propose a new method of measuring the fast confined α-particle distribution in a reacting plasma. The presence of α particles in a D-T plasma will create a high-energy tail on the deuterium and tritium ion energy distributions. A 3.5 MeV alpha can transfer 3.4 MeV to a tritium ion in a single elastic scattering interaction. Calculations of the size of these knock-on tails in tokamaks such as TFTR, JET, and ITER show that it may be possible to measure these tails and provide information on the fast confined alphas. The knock-on tail ions will produce D-T neutrons with energies up to 20.7 MeV, so that D-T neutron spectroscopy can be used to monitor the alpha population. Neutron spectroscopy looks especially attractive for ITER. A collimated array of threshold neutron activation detectors could be used to deduce the confined alpha density profile. Tests of this diagnostic can also be done on TFTR and JET. Existing high-energy neutral particle analyzers may allow observation of the ion tails directly via passive and/or active charge exchange. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146217
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pellet charge exchange measurements of confined alphas in deuterium–tritium plasmas (invited) (abstract) : Proceedings of the 12th topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 974-974 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Alpha particle confinement is essential to achieving ignition in deuterium–tritium plasmas, and measuring the energy and spatial distributions of fusion alphas is one of the most challenging tasks in plasma diagnostics research. Confined trapped-alpha energy spectra and radial density profiles in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) have been obtained using the pellet charge exchange (PCX) diagnostic, which measures high energy (Eα=0.5–3.5 MeV), trapped alphas (|v(parallel)/v|=0.048) at a single time slice (Δt∼1 ms) with a spatial resolution of Δr∼5 cm. PCX measures the energy spectrum of energetic helium neutrals resulting from charge exchange interactions of alphas incident on the ablation cloud surrounding small boron and lithium pellets injected radially into TFTR. The success of PCX has led to a number of important results on the behavior of alphas in TFTR. The measured alpha energy spectrum in the plasma core of sawtooth-free discharges is consistent with the alphas being well confined and slowing down classically. Outside the plasma core, the trapped alphas show the effects of stochastic diffusion due to the toroidal magnetic field ripple, with the PCX measured profiles consistent with the functional dependence of the stochastic ripple diffusion on the alpha energy and the q profile. Large sawtooth instabilities result in radial redistribution of the trapped alphas to well outside the q=1 radius and beyond the stochastic ripple loss boundary. Broadening of the radial profiles of trapped alphas is also observed in reversed and reduced shear discharges on TFTR, with potential implications for reactor designs based on optimized shear configurations. Finally, radial redistribution of trapped alpha particles in the presence of core localized Toroidal Alfv´en Eigenmode activity is also observed. Application of PCX measurements to future experiments, including the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor will also be discussed. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149453
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design and operation of the pellet charge exchange diagnostic for measurement of energetic confined α particles and tritons on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3122-3135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Radially resolved energy and density distributions of the confined α particles in D–T experiments on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) are being measured with the pellet charge exchange (PCX) diagnostic. Other energetic ion species can be detected as well, such as tritons produced in D–D plasmas and H, He3, or tritium rf-driven minority ion tails. The ablation cloud formed by injected low-Z impurity pellets provides the neutralization target for this active charge exchange technique. Because the cloud neutralization efficiency is uncertain, the PCX diagnostic is not absolutely calibrated so only relative density profiles are obtained. A mass and energy resolving E(parallel)B neutral particle analyzer (NPA) is used which has eight energy channels covering the energy range of 0.3–3.7 MeV for α particles with energy resolution ranging from 5.8% to 11.3% and a spatial resolution of ∼5 cm. The PCX diagnostic views deeply trapped ions in a narrow pitch angle range around a mean value of v(parallel)/v=−0.048±10−3. For D–T operation, the NPA was shielded by a polyethylene–lead enclosure providing 100× attenuation of ambient γ radiation and 14 MeV neutrons. The PCX diagnostic technique and its application on TFTR are described in detail. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147419
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Threshold bubble chamber for measurement of knock-on DT neutron tails from magnetic and inertial confinement experiments : Proceedings of the eleventh topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 68 (1997), S. 1103-1106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We propose a new "threshold" bubble chamber detector for measurement of knock-on neutron tails. These energetic neutrons result from fusion reactions involving energetic fuel ions created by alpha knock-on collisions in tokamak and other magnetic confinement experiments, and by both alpha and neutron knock-on collisions in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. The energy spectrum of these neutrons will yield information on the alpha population and energy distribution in tokamaks, and on alpha target physics and ρR measurements in ICF experiments. The bubble chamber should only detect neutrons with energies above a selectable threshold energy controlled by the bubble chamber pressure. The bubble chamber threshold mechanism, detection efficiency, and proposed applications to the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor and National Ignition Facility experiments will be discussed. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147798
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alpha diagnostics using pellet charge exchange: Results on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor and prospects for ITER : Proceedings of the eleventh topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 68 (1997), S. 336-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Confinement of alpha particles is essential for fusion ignition and alpha physics studies are a major goal of the TFTR, JET, and ITER DT experiments, but alpha measurements remain one of the most challenging plasma diagnostic tasks. The pellet charge exchange (PCX) diagnostic has successfully measured the radial density profile and energy distribution of fast (0.5–3.5 MeV) confined alpha particles in TFTR. This article describes the diagnostic capabilities of PCX demonstrated on TFTR and discusses the prospects for applying this technique to ITER. Major issues on ITER include the pellet's perturbation to the plasma and obtaining satisfactory pellet penetration into the plasma. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147863
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