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  • 1995-1999  (201)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the second law of thermodynamics and contact geometry (1998)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 39 (1998), S. 329-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we consider the second law of thermodynamics for a dissipative system and its symmetry property in terms of contact geometry. We first show that the inaccessibility condition of Caratheodory and the assumption of semipositive definite property of the dissipative energy are equivalent to Clausius' inequality. The inaccessibility condition then gives rise to a generalized Gibbs relation (GGR). By means of the GGR a 1-form ω can be defined such that the zero of ω reproduces the GGR. Such 1-form ω has the property ω∧(dω)n≠0 and ω∧(dω)n+1=0. The integral surface of the GGR is an n-dimensional 1-graph space G (Legendre submanifold) of a 1-jet space J1(En,R), where En is the base space of J1(En,R) with thermodynamic variables as its coordinates. The (2n+1)-dimensional J1(En,R) equipped with the 1-form ω is also called a contact bundle K, where the intensive thermodynamic variables are considered as the contact elements to K at every x. Next we construct an isovector field Xf such that the inaccessibility condition is invariant under the contact transformations generated by Xf. Finally, suppose under some specific assumptions the dynamical equations of the thermodynamic variables x can be approximated by the flow equations of a vector field XG on G. We can lift XG to Xf such that the 1-graph space G as well as the inaccessibility condition are preserved under the contact transformations generated by Xf. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.532316
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the second law of thermodynamics for a dissipative system (1997)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 38 (1997), S. 5153-5166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we consider dissipative fluxes as well as the conserved variables as a set of independent variables characterizing the thermodynamic state of a nonequilibrium system. We then generalize the traditional internal energy balance equation so that contributions due to the dissipative fluxes are taken into consideration. On the other hand, the second law is formulated in terms of Caratheodory's inaccessibility condition in conjunction with the assumption that dissipative energy associated with internal work arising from irreversible processes be semipositive definite. We show that the second law formulated in this manner is equivalent to Kelvin's principle and Clausius's principle, as well as Clausius's inequality. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.531934
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk Assessment for a Proposed Groundwater Abstraction Scheme in Strathmore, North-East Scotland: a Modelling Approach (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 11 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The Lower Old Red Sandstones in northern Strathmore have favourable hydrogeological conditions for ground-water development. A scheme was proposed to abstract water in the north Esk catchment in order to augment water supplies to local villages, and a production borehole was drilled into the Edzell Sandstones to give a design yield of 2420 m3/d. However, this scheme has been abandoned because of concern that the abstraction would significantly reduce the flow in a nearby stream which is an important salmonid fishery.This study demonstrates the potential value of using a stream-aquifer numerical model in an environmental risk assessment for the proposed scheme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1997.tb00087.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    β-Glucan Enrichment of Barley Fractions by Air Classification and Sieving (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 60 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Barley (Steptoe, Crystal and/or Waxbar) was dry milled and fractionated by small scale air classifiers and batch or continuous feed sifters to produce β-glucan-rich fractions. Sieving of barley (all cultivars) yielded lines fractions containing 88–90% starch and a final coarse enriched fraction containing 40–45% total dietary fiber including 16–19%β-glucans and up to 82 μg/g total tocols. The enriched fraction was 20–25% (by wt) of the dehulled barley. The highest β-glucan content by air classification was 9% due to ineffective separation of fines (particles 〈45 μm). Dry fractionation of barley produced a value added enriched product enhanced in factors (ie. tocols, dietary fiber, β-glucans) which slow oxidation, lower cholesterol, moderate glycemic response and which provide unique functional properties in food systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1995.tb06294.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular indicators of secondary oil migration distances (1996)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 383 (1996), S. 593-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The ability to determine the distance migrated by an oil from source rock to reservoir could greatly assist in the identification of new, economically viable accumulations of petroleum. Non-alkylated benzocarbazoles, which are present in trace quantities in oils, exhibit changes in both ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/383593a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A density functional study of clean and hydrogen-covered α-MoO3(010): Electronic structure and surface relaxation (1998)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 109 (1998), S. 6854-6860 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report extensive density functional theory calculations, using pseudopotentials with a plane-wave basis, for the properties of the (010) face of molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO3). The surface is modeled by a one-layer slab. Calculated bond lengths compare favorably with experimental measurements. The bonding of the different oxygen species to molybdenum is analyzed using the crystal orbital overlap population. This analysis indicates that the bonding is a combination of ionic and covalent character for all oxygen species. The terminal oxygen exhibits covalent bonding to Mo which is stronger than either of the two bridging oxygens. We also study the adsorption of hydrogen on this surface. Hydrogen is most strongly adsorbed over the terminal oxygen, followed by the asymmetric bridging oxygen, and then the symmetric bridging oxygen. This trend is explained in terms of simple chemical concepts. The inclusion of full surface relaxation is important for even a qualitative description of adsorbate bonding. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.477252
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Room-temperature midwavelength two-color infrared detectors with HgCdTe/CdTe multilayer structures by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 4787-4789 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Two-color photoconductive detectors in the 3–5 μm wavelength range using multilayer undoped n-type Hg1−xCdxTe heterostructures have been demonstrated at room temperature. These heterostructures, consisting of three or four Hg1−xCdxTe layers separated with CdTe layers, were grown by the metal-organic chemical-vapor-deposition (MOCVD) technique. The quality of MOCVD films was verified by near-theoretical values of the minority-carrier lifetime at 300 K, ranging from 0.8 to 4.7 μs depending on the x value. The Hg1−xCdxTe layers are either detectors or filters, and the CdTe layers serve as insulating separators. The concept of using the exponential absorption tails of two Hg1−xCdxTe layers with different band gaps to form an absorption band was verified by the difference in the photoconductive spectral responses between backside and frontside illumination. Two different multilayer heterostructures with two-color peaks at 3.2/3.8 μm and 3.7/4.6 μm, respectively, were studied. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359759
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A neutron diffraction structural study of R2Fe17−xAlx(C) (R=Tb, Ho) alloys : The 7th joint MMM-intermag conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 83 (1998), S. 6914-6916 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The title compounds were confirmed to have the Th2Zn17 type rhombohedral structure (space group R3¯m) except for Ho2Fe16Al and Ho2Fe15Al2 which have the Th2Ni17 type hexagonal structure (space group P63/mmc) while Ho2Fe13Al3 is a mixture of the two phases with the hexagonal phase dominant. A larger unit cell favors the formation of an ordered rhombohedral phase rather than a disordered hexagonal phase. Both the substitution of Fe by Al and the insertion of C can expand the cell and lead to the formation of an ordered rhombohedral phase. The site preferences of Al are somewhat different with and without C. In both series, C is mainly found at the 9e interstitial site. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.367567
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of a phytoplasma causing yellows of Monarda (1998)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Publishers
    Plant pathology 47 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Monarda yellows occurring in southern Alberta was found to be associated with a phytoplasma. Using two pairs of universal primers, 16S ribosomal DNA fragments (about 1.5 and 1.2 kb) were amplified separately by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from DNA samples that had been extracted from infected monarda. No such DNA bands were observed using DNA samples from uninfected monarda. The DNA fragment (1.2 kb) amplified by nested-PCR was analysed and compared with western aster yellows (AY27, Canada), eastern aster yellows (EAY, USA), French hydrangea aster yellows (AYHF), Belgium hydrangea aster yellows (AYHB), clover proliferation (CP, Canada) and potato witches'-broom (PWB, Canada) by means of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) using endonucleases AluI, MseI, HpaII, Sau3AI, KpnI and RsaI. The results showed that monarda yellows phytoplasma belongs to the aster yellows subclade and is different from CP and PWB. This is the first report of aster yellows phytoplasma infecting monarda.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1998.00206.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the geometric structure of thermodynamics (1999)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 40 (1999), S. 830-837 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we consider symmetry transformations of the generalized entropy function that preserve the Gibbs one-form (Gibbs relation). We show that this symmetry consideration naturally leads to the geometric structure of thermodynamics in terms of contact geometry. We also construct an example based on the van der Waals' fluid to illustrate the method discussed in the paper. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.532688
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