ALBERT

Note: Contents I Review of Current Concepts 1 Introduction 1.1 Sequence Stratigraphy: A New Paradigm? 1.2 From Sloss to Vail 1.3 Problems and Research Trends: The Current Status 1.4 Stratigraphic Terminology 2 Methods for Studying Sequence Stratigraphy 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Erecting a Sequence Framework 2.2.1 The Importance of Unconformities 2.2.2 Facies Cycles 2.2.3 Stratigraphic Architecture: The Seismic Method 2.3 Methods for Assessing Regional and Global Changes in Sea Level, Other Than Seismic Stratigraphy 2.3.1 Areas and Volumes of Stratigraphic Units 2.3.2 Hypsometric Curves 2.3.3 Backstripping 2.3.4 Sea-Level Estimation from Paleoshorelines and Other Fixed Points 2.3.5 Documentation of Meter-Scale Cycles 2.4 Integrated Tectonic-Stratigraphic Analysis 3 The Four Basic Types of Stratigraphic Cycle 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Supercontinent Cycle 3.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years 3.4 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities 3.5 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years 4 The Basic Sequence Model 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Terminology 4.3 Depositional Systems and Systems Tracts 4.4 Sequence Boundaries 4.5 Other Sequence Concepts 5 The Global Cycle Chart II The Stratigraphic Framework 6 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens to Hundreds of Millions of Years 6.1 Climate, Sedimentation, and Biogenesis 6.2 The Supercontinent Cycle 6.2.1 The Tectonic-Stratigraphic Model 6.2.2 The Phanerozoic Record 6.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years 6.3.1 Intercontinental Correlations 6.3.2 Tectonostratigraphic Sequences 6.4 Main Conclusions 7 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities 7.1 Extensional and Rifted Clastic Continental Margins 7.2 Foreland Basin of the North American Western Interior 7.3 Other Foreland Basins 7.4 Forearc Basins 7.5 Backarc Basins 7.6 Cyclothems and Mesothems 7;7 Carbonate Cycles of Platforms and Craton Margins 7.8 Evidence of Cyclicity in the Deep Oceans 7.9 Main Conclusions 8 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Neogene Clastic Cycles of Continental Margins 8.3 Pre-Neogene Marine Carbonate and Clastic Cycles 8.4 Late Paleozoic Cyclothems 8.5 Lacustrine elastic and Chemical Rhythms 8.6 Clastic Cycles of Foreland Basins 8.7 Main Conclusions III Mechanisms 9 Long-Term Eustasy and Epeirogeny 9.1 Mantle Processes and Dynamic Topography 9.2 Supercontinent Cycles 9.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years 9.3.1 Eustasy 9.3.2 Dynamic Topography and Epeirogeny 9.4 Main Conclusions 10 Milankovitch Processes 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Nature of Milankovitch Processes 10.2.1 Components of Orbital Forcing 10.2.2 Basic Climatology 10.2.3 Variations with Time in Orbital Periodicities 10.2.4 Isostasy and Geoid Changes 10.2.5 The Nature of the Cyclostratigraphic Data Base 10.2.6 The Sensitivity of the Earth to Glaciation 10.2.7 Glacioeustasy in the Mesozoic? 10.2.8 Nonglacial Milankovitch Cyclicity 10.3 The Cenozoic Record 10.4 Late Paleozoic Cyclothems 10.5 The End-Ordovician Glaciation 10.6 Main Conclusions 11 Tectonic Mechanisms 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Rifting and Thermal Evolution of Divergent Plate Margins 11.2.1 Basic Geophysical Models and Their Implications for Sea-Level Change 11.2.2 Some Results from the Analysis of Modern Data Sets 11.3 Tectonism on Convergent Plate Margins and in Collision Zones 11.3.1 Magmatic Arcs and Subduction 11.3.2 Tectonism Versus Eustasy in Foreland Basins 11.3.2.1 The North American Western Interior Basin 11.3.2.2 The Appalachian Foreland Basin 11.3.2.3 Pyrenean and Himalayan Basins 11.3.3 Rates of Uplift and Subsidence 11.3.4 Discussion 11.4 Intraplate Stress 11.4.1 The Pattern of Global Stress 11.4.2 In-Plane Stress as a Control of Sequence Architecture 11.4.3 In-Plane Stress and Regional Histories of Sea-Level Change 11.5 Basement Control 11.6 Other Speculative Tectonic Hypotheses 11.7 Sediment Supply and the Importance of Big Rivers 11.8 Environmental Change 11.9 Main Conclusions IV Chronostratigraphy and Correlation: Why the Global Cycle Chart Should Be Abandoned 12 Time in Sequence Stratigraphy 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Hierarchies of Time and the Completeness of the Stratigraphic Record 12.3 Main Conclusions 13 Correlation, and the Potential for Error 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The New Paradigm of Geological Time? 13.3 The Dating and Correlation of Stratigraphic Events: Potential Sources of Uncertainty 13.3.1 Identification of Sequence Boundaries 13.3.2 Chronostratigraphic Meaning of Unconformities 13.3.3 Determination of the Biostratigraphic Framework 13.3.3.1 The Problem of Incomplete Biostratigraphic Recovery 13.3.3.2 Diachroneity of the Biostratigraphic Record 13.3.4 The Value of Quantitative Biostratigraphic Methods 13.3.5 Assessment of Relative Biostratigraphic Precision 13.3.6 Correlation of Biozones with the Global Stage Framework 13.3.7 Assignment of Absolute Ages 13.3.8 Implications for the Exxon Global Cycle Chart 13.4 Correlating Regional Sequence Frameworks with the Global Cycle Chart 13.4.1 Circular Reasoning from Regional Data 13.4.2 A Rigorous Test of the Global Cycle Chart 13.4.3 A Correlation Experiment 13.4.4 Discussion 13.5 Main Conclusions 14 Sea-Level Curves Compared 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The Exxon Curves: Revisions, Errors, and Uncertainties 14.3 Other Sea-Level Curves 14.3.1 Cretaceous Sea-Level Curves 14.3.2 Jurassic Sea-Level Curves 14.3.3 Why Does the Exxon Global Cycle Chart Contain So Many More Events Than Other Sea-Level Curves? 14.4 Main Conclusions V Approaches to a Modern Sequence-Stratigraphic Framework 15 Elaboration of the Basic Sequence Model 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Definitions 15.2.1 The Hierarchy of Units and Bounding Surfaces 15.2.2 Systems Tracts and Sequence Boundaries 15.3 The Sequence Stratigraphy of Clastic Depositional Systems 15.3.1 Pluvial Deposits and Their Relationship to Sea-Level Change 15.3.2 The Concept of the Bayline 15.3.3 Deltas, Beach-Barrier Systems, and Estuaries 15.3.4 Shelf Systems: Sand Shoals and Condensed Sections 15.3.5 Slope and Rise Systems 15.4 The Sequence Stratigraphy of Carbonate Depositional Systems 15.4.1 Platform Carbonates: Catch-Up Versus Keep-Up 15.4.2 Carbonate Slopes 15.4.3 Pelagic Carbonate Environments 15.5 Main Conclusions 16 Numerical and Graphical Modeling of Sequences 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Model Design 16.3 Selected Examples of Model Results 16.4 Main Conclusions VI Discussion and Conclusions 17 Implications for Petroleum Geology 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Integrated Tectonic-Stratigraphic Analysis 17.2.1 The Basis of the Methodology 17.2.2 The Development of an Allostratigraphic Framework 17.2.3 Choice of Sequence-Stratigraphic Models 17.2.4 The Search for Mechanisms 17.2.5 Reservoir Characterization 17.3 Controversies in Practical Sequence Analysis 17.3.1 The Case of the Tocito Sandstone, New Mexico 17.3.2 The Case of Gippsland Basin, Australia 17.3.3 Conclusions: A Modified Approach to Sequence Analysis for Practicing Petroleum Geologists and Geophysicists 17.4 Main Conclusions 18 Conclusions and Recommendations 18.1 Sequences in the Stratigraphic Record 18.1.1 Long-Term Stratigraphic Cycles 18.1.2 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities 18.1.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years 18.2 Mechanisms 18.2.1 Long-Term Eustasy and Epeirogeny 18.2.2 Milankovitch Processes 18.2.3 Tectonic Mechanisms 18.3 Chronostratigraphy and Correlation 18.3.1 Concepts of Time 18.3.2 Correlation Problems, and the Basis of the Global Cycle Chart 18.3.3 Comparison of Sea-Level Curves 18.4 Modern Sequence Analysis 18.4.1 Elaboration of the Basic Sequence Model 18.4.2 Numerical and Graphical Modeling of Stratigraphic Sequences 18.5 Implications for Petroleum Geology 18.6 The Global-Eustasy Paradigm: Working Backwards from the Answer? 18.6.1 The Exxon Factor 18.6.2 Conclusions . 18.7 Recommendations References Author Index Subject Index

Note: Contents: Foreword. - List of participants. - Aksel Christopher Wiin Nielsen / Charlotte Wiin Christensen. - 1. Numerical modelling and semi-lagrangian integration. - Developments in semi-lagrangian global atmospheric modelling at NASA/GLA / J. R. Bates. - Experiments in optimum three-dimensional truncation / F. Baer. - The HIRLAM 3 Project / E. Källén. - Initialization of cloud water content in a data assimilation system / X.-Y. Huang. - A full "particle-in-cell" numerical integration method / E. Kaas, A. Guldberg and P. Lopez. - 2 Aspects of parameterization in circulation models. - Parameterization of cloud microphysics for numerical atmospheric models / H. Sundqvist. - On the simulation and validation of the hydrological cycle in the climate system / L. Bengtsson. - Parameterization of the peripheral processes in atmospheric modeling / C.-h. Yang and D. C. Hahn. - Parameterization of gravity wave drag in atmospheric general circulation models / N. McFarlane. - The implementation of the semi-implicit scheme in cell-integrated semi-lagrangian models / B. Machenhauer and M. Olk. - 3 Regional climate variability. - Time-slice experiments and their performance in continent-scale regions / U. Cubasch and J. Waszkewitz. - Interdecadal variation of the wintertime northern-hemisphere circulation in the past four decades / T.-C. Chen. - 4 Climate and weather variability. - On the interaction between the synoptic-scale eddies and the intra-seasonal atmospheric fluctuations / J. Derome, J. Sheng, M. Klasa and H. Lin. - Studies of stationary waves and climate anomalies at the Department of Meteorology, University of Helsinki / E. Holopainen. - On the existence of summer sub-tropical anticyclones / B. Hoskins and M. Rodwell. - 5 Fluid flow and turbulence. - Orography and the breakdown of balanced flow / H. C. Davies. - Mass transport in a viscous free surface flow / A. W. Gwinn and S. J. Jacobs. - A shell model of cascade in turbulent flow / P. D. Ditlevsen. - 6 Variability and modality in the atmosphere. - Blocking and teleconnections in a three-level quasi-geostrophic global model / S. Tibaldi, S. Corti and A. Giannini. - Modelling interannual variations of the Indian summer monsoon / A. D. Vernekar. - Multiple steady states in a contour dynamics model of large-scale atmospheric flow / W. T. N. Verkley and M. H. P. Ambaum. - 7 Climate change. - Detection of anthropogenic climate change using a fingerprint method / K. Hasselmann, L. Bengtsson, U. Cubash, G. C. Hegerl, H. Rodhe, E. Roeckner, H. v. Storch, R. Voss, J. Waszkewitz.

Note: Contents Editor's note Acknowledgements page xu Notes on translations and definitions Abstract Preface Introduction 1 Geocryology as part of planetary cryology 2 Frozen rocks as natural-historical geological formations 3 History of research of the zone of permafrost and the frozen materials composing this zone 4 Structure, problems and scientific themes of geocryology 5 Methodological basis of geocryology I Thermal-physical, physico-chemical and mechanical processes in freezing, frozen and thawing ground and their manifestation in the permafrost regions 1 Thermal-physical processes in freezing and thawing ground 1.1 Heat transfer and temperature field in ground 1.2 Freezing (crystallization) of water and melting of ice in the ground 1.3 Sublimation and desublimation of moisture in frozen rocks 1.4 Freezing and thawing of ground 1.5 Methods for solving soil freezing (thawing) problems and approximate formulae for freezing and thawing depth calculations 2 Water transfer and ice formation in soils 2.1 Nature and mechanism of moisture migration in soils 2.2 Water transfer and ice formation in frozen soil 2.3 Water transfer and ice formation in freezing and thawing soils 3 Physico-chemical and mechanical processes in freezing and thawing ground 3.1 Chemical reactions and processes in freezing and thawing soils 3.2 Physico-chemical and mechanical processes in freezing and thawing soils 3.3 Physical-mechanical processes in frozen soils caused by changes in temperature 3.4 Physical and chemical processes in frozen soils caused by an external load 4 Structure and texture of freezing and thawing soils 4.1 Thermal-physical and physical-mechanical conditions of development of migrational-segregated ice interlayers 4.2 Basic types of cryogenic structure 4.3 Formation of structure in freezing and thawing soils 4.4 Structural associations and types of contact in frozen soils 5 Cryogenic geological processes and phenomena 5.1 Classification of processes and phenomena 5.2 Frost heaving of soils 5.3 Frost cracking (fissuring) and polygonal formations, surface and underground 5.4 Thermokarst 5.5 Slope processes and phenomena 5.6 Processes and effects associated with the activity of water, glaciers and other geological agents II Composition, cryogenic structure and properties of frozen rocks 6 Formation of sedimentary materials in the permafrost regions (cryolithogenesis) 6.1 Sediment genesis in the permafrost regions 6.2 Transformation of loose deposits of the permafrost regions into rock 6.3 Formation of useful mineral deposits at different stages of cryogenesis 7 Composition and structure of frozen earth materials 7.1 Characteristics of organic, mineral and chemical composition of frozen earth materials 7.2 Unfrozen water and ice in ground 7.3 Textural characteristics of the frozen material 7.4 Microstructure of frozen soils 8 Properties of frozen soils 8.1 Physical properties of the frozen materials 8.2 Thermal-physical properties of rocks 8.3 Moisture exchange properties of soils 8.4 Mechanical properties of frozen ground 9 Characteristics of the basic genetic types of frozen ground 9.1 Features of the cryogenic types of frozen strata 9.2 Composition and cryogenic structure of the principal geologic-genetic types of sedimentary materials in the permafrost regions 9.3 Natural ice as a monomineral rock III Principles of the formation and development of the frozen strata and layers of seasonal freezing and thawing 10 Thermodynamic and climatic conditions for formation of the frozen layers 10.1 Energy balance of the Earth 10.2 Thermodynamic conditions for development of seasonally and perennially frozen ground 10.3 Frozen ground as a result of zonation of thermal- and mass-exchange processes on the Earth's surface and in the atmosphere 11 Seasonal freezing and thawing of ground 11.1 Formation of the layer of seasonal freezing and thawing of soil 11.2 Types of seasonal freezing and thawing of the ground 11.3 The influence oflandscape-climatic factors on the temperature regime and depth of seasonal freezing and thawing of the ground 12 Development of the temperature regime and the thickness of the permafrost 12.1 Present-day knowledge of the development of permafrost 12.2 The effect of boundary conditions on the permafrost thickness and temperature regime 12.3 Dependence of the permafrost thickness and temperature regime on geological factors and processes 13 Taliks and groundwater in the permafrost zone 13.1 The types and formation of taliks in the permafrost zone 13.2 Groundwater of the permafrost regions 13.3 Interaction of groundwater with the permafrost and types of cryohydrogeological structures IV Regional features and evolution of permafrost 14 Permafrost evolution in the Earth's history 14.1 History of the development of permafrost and its distribution on the planet 14.2 Reasons for the development and evolution of permafrost in the Earth's history 14.3 The history of geocryological development and the main stages of permafrost formation on the territory of the former USSR in the Late Cenozoic 15 Zonal and regional features of present-day geocryological conditions in the territories of the former USSR 15.1 Distribution of permafrost and spatial variations of its mean annual temperature 15.2 Structure of the permafrost and spatial variability of its thickness 15.3 Distribution of main types of seasonal ground thawing and freezing 16 Principles and methods for regional geocryological investigations 16.1 Geocryological survey as the basis for regional investigation of the seasonally and perennially freezing zones 16.2 The methods and carrying-out of geocryological surveys 16.3 Classification and regionalization in the course of geocryological survey 16.4 Regionalization in geocryological mapping V Rational use of frozen ground and environmental protection in the course of economic development of the permafrost regions 17 The effect of different types of development on the natural geocryological environment 17.1 The basic principles of rational use of frozen ground in the course of the economic development of the permafrost regions 17.2 Regional environmental change in the course of development of extensive areas within the permafrost zone 17.3 Economic development of the permafrost regions with various kinds of construction 17.4 Development in the permafrost regions for the mining industry and underground engineering 17.5 Types of agrobiological development in the permafrost regions 18 Ensuring the stability of engineering structures in the permafrost regions 18.1 Principles of construction on permafrost (bases and foundations) 18.2 Methods of amelioration of frozen ground for foundations 18.3 Principles of foundation design and selection of type of foundation for construction on permafrost 18.4 Normative documents for engineering design and construction in the permafrost regions 19 Engineering geology in support of design, construction and operation of structures in the permafrost regions 19.1 Engineering-geological survey in the permafrost regions 19.2 Forecasting change in the geocryological conditions in the course of development 19.3 Principles and methods of the control of cryogenic processes 19.4 The basis of the rational use and protection of the geological environment in the permafrost regions References Index

Note: Contents Acknowledgements Editor's Preface Translator's Preface Preface to Volume I of the Russian edition, Polypodiaceae-Butomaceae Preface to Volume II of the Russian edition, Gramineae Abbreviations Used in Citing Floristic and Systematic Literature FAMILY I / Polypodiaceae—True Ferns GENUS 1 / Woodsia—Woodsia GENUS 2 / Cystopteris—Bladder Fern GENUS 3 / Dryopteris—Shield Fern GENUS 4 / Thelypteris—Thelypteris GENUS 5 / Gymnocarpium—Oak Fern GENUS 6 / Polystichum—Holly Fern GENUS 7 / Athyrium—Lady Fern GENUS 8 / Asplenium—Spleenwort GENUS 9 / Cryptogramma—Rock Brake GENUS 10 / Polypodium—Polypody FAMILY II / Ophioglossaceae—Adder's Tongue Family GENUS L / Botrychium—Moonwort FAMILY III / Equisetaceae—Horsetails GENUS 1 / Equisetum—Horsetail FAMILY IV / Lycopodiaceae—Club-Mosses GENUS 1 / Lycopodium—Club-Moss FAMILY V / Selaginellaceae—Selaginella Family GENUS 1 / Selaginella—Selaginella, Little Club-Moss FAMILY VI / Pinaceae—Pine Family GENUS IA / Abies—Fir GENUS 1 / Picea—Spruce GENUS 2 / Larix—Larch GENUS 3 / Pinus—Pine FAMILY VII / Cupressaceae—Cypress Family GENUS 1 / Juniperus—Juniper FAMILY VIII / Sparganiaceae—Bur-Reed Family GENUS 1 / Sparganium—Bur-Reed FAMILY IX / Potamogetonaceae—Pondweed Family GENUS 1 / Potamogeton—Pondweed GENUS 2 / Zostera—Eel-Grass FAMILY X / Juncaginaceae—Arrow-Grass Family GENUS 1 / Triglochin—Arrow Grass GENUS 2 / Scheuchzeria—Scheuchzeria FAMILY XI / Alismataceae—Water-Plantain Family GENUS 1 / Alisma—Water-Plantain FAMILY XII / Butomaceae—Flowering Rush Family GENUS 1 / Butomus—Flowering Rush FAMILY XIII / Gramineae—Grasses GENUS 1 / Typhoides—Reed Canary Grass GENUS 2 / Anthoxanthum—Vernal-Grass GENUS 3 / Hierochloe—Sweet Grass GENUS 4 / Milium—Wood Millet GENUS 5 / Phleum—Timothy GENUS 6 / Alopecurus—Foxtail GENUS 7 / Arctagrostis—Arctagrostis GENUS 8 / Agrostis—Bent GENUS 9 / Calamagrostis—Reed Grass GENUS 10 / Apera—Silky Bent GENUS 11 / Vahlodea—Vahlodea GENUS 12 / Deschampsia—Hair Grass GENUS 13 / Trisetum—Trisetum GENUS 14 / Helictotrichon—Oat Grass GENUS 15 I Beckmannia—Slough Grass GENUS 16 / Phragmites—Reed GENUS 17 / Molinia—Moor Grass GENUS 18 / Koeleria—June Grass GENUS 19 / Melica—Melic GENUS 20 / Pleuropogon—Semaphore Grass GENUS 21 / Dactylis—Cocksfoot GENUS 22 / Poa—Bluegrass GENUS 23 / Dupontia—Dupontia GENUS 24 / Arctophila—Arctophila GENUS 25 / Colpodium—Colpodium GENUS 26 / Catabrosa—Brook Grass GENUS 27 / Phippsia—Phippsia GENUS 27A / Glyceria—Manna Grass GENUS 28 / Puccinellia—Alkali Grass GENUS 29 / Festuca—Fescue GENUS 30 / Zerna—Perennial Brome Grass GENUS 31 / Bromus—Brome Grass GENUS 32 / Nardus—Matgrass GENUS 33 / Roegneria—Rhizomeless WheatGrass GENUS 34 / Elytrigia—WheatGrass GENUS 35 / Leymus—Wild Rye GENUS 36 / Hordeum—Barley APPENDIX I I Summary of Data on the Geographical Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic TABLE 1 / Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic, Polypodiaceae-Butomaceae TABLE 2 / Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic, Gramineae Index of Plant Names

Note: Table of contents: In Memoriam: J. M. Broadus. - Introduction: Sea-level Rise and Coastal Subsidence - Towards Meaningful Strategies / J. D. Milliman, B. U. Haq. - PART I: PROCESSES AND PROBLEMS. - 1 Global Sea-level Rise: Past and Future / S. C. B. Raper, T. M. L. Wigley, R. A. Warrick. - Observed Changes in Global Mean Sea Level. - Observed Changes in Global Mean Temperature. - The climate model. - Factors contributing to sea-level rise. - Temperature and Sea-Level Rise Results. - Summary and Conclusions. - Appendix: Radiative Forcing. - 2 Land Subsidence in Coastal Lowlands / Saskia Jelgersma. - Introduction. - Geological Setting. - Subsidence in Coastal Lowlands. - Methods to Control or Inhibit Induced Subsidence. - Conclusions. - 3 River-Sediment Inputs to Major Deltas / Robert H. Meade. - Introduction. - Tabulations of Discharge Data for Major Rivers. - Spatial Distributions of Sediment Sources and Sinks. - Temporal Variations in River-Sediment Discharge. - Storage of Sediment in Large River Systems. - Human Influences on River-Sediment Loads. - 4 Coastal Erosion and Rising Sea-Level / E. C. F. Bird. - Introduction. - Submerging Coastlines. - Coastline Changes. - Cliff Erosion. - Beach Erosion. - Erosion on Deltaic Coasts. - Erosion of Coastal Swamps. - Erosion of Developed Coastlines. - Conclusion. - PART II: CASE STUDIES. - 5 Land Subsidence in Bangkok during 1978-1988 / Prinya Nutalaya, R. N. Yong, Thongchai Chumnankit, Somkid Buapeng. - Introduction. - Land Subsidence Prior to 1978. - 1978 to 1988. - Effects of Land Subsidence. - Aquifer Delineation. - Source and Age of Ground Water. - Geotechnical Properties of Soils. - Mathematical Modeling to Predict Subsidence and Recharge Response. - Recommendations. - 6 Coastal Erosion in the Gulf of Thailand / S. Vongvisessomjai, R. Polsi, C. Manotham, D. Srisaengthong, S. Charulukkana. - Introduction. - Oceanographic Conditions. - Coastal Morphology. - Summary. - 7 Nature of Sediment Load in the Ganges-Brahmaputra River Systems in India / V. Subramanian, A. L. Ramanathan. - Introduction. - Description of the Basins. - Sediment and Water Discharge. - Basin Lithology. - Natural (Tectonic) and Human Impact on Sediment Load. - Erosion vs Deposition. - Nature of Sediment Load. - Conclusion. - 8 Subsidence of the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta of Bangladesh and Associated Drainage, Sedimentation and Salinity Problems / Mahmood Alam. - Introduction. - Geotectonics. - Depositional Sequence. - Subsidence of the Basin and Progradation of the Delta. - Floods and Drainage Problems. - Effects of Recent Engineering Projects. - Salinity. - Sea-Level Rise. - Conclusions. - 9 Tectonic, Eustatic and Isostatic Changes along the Indian Coast / K. R. Subrahmanya. - Introduction. - Quaternary Eustatic Changes. - Holocene Uplift and Subsidence. - Most Recent Sea-Level Changes along the Indian Coast. - Conclusions. - 10 Effect of Sea-Level Rise and Human Activity on the Yangtze Delta, China / Ren Mei-e, J. D. Milliman. - The Yangtze River and its Delta. - Sea-Level Rise and Subsidence. - Impact of a Future Sea-Level Rise and Changes in Landuse and the Yangtze River. - Concluding Statement. - 11 Rising Sea-Level and Subsidence of the Northern Nile Delta: A Case Study / Mahmoud Kh. El-Sayed. - Introduction. - The Nile Delta. - Present-Day Use of the Northern Nile Delta. - Nile Damming and its Effect. - Impact of Climate Changes and Sea-Level Rise on the Nile Delta. - Scenario Based on Present-Day Assumptions and Socio-Economic Conditions in the Northern Nile Delta. - Management of the Northern Nile Delta. - Conclusions. - 12 Land Subsidence and Sea-Level Rise: The Case of the Po Delta Region, Italy / G. Sestini. - Introduction. - Historical Evolution of the NW Adriatic Coast. - Subsidence and its Impact. - Impact of Changes to River Sediment Discharge. - Discussion. - Conclusions. - 13 The Niger Delta and Sea-Level Rise / A. Chidi Ibe. - Introduction. - Tectonic and Sedimentary Evolution. - General Geomorphology. - Coastal Processes. - Erosion Scenario. - Change in Fluvial Sediment/Water Input to the Delta. - Socio-Economic Setting. - Concluding Statements and Suggestions. - 14 Sea-Level Rise and the Stability of Barrier Islands, with special reference to the Wadden Sea / H. Postma. - Post-Glacial Evolution. - Present-Day Conditions. - Future Sea-Level Rise. - Conclusions. - 15 Subsidence, Sea-Level Rise, and Wetland Loss in the Lower Mississippi River Delta / J. T. Wells. - Introduction. - Geological Setting and History. - Sea-Level Rise and Subsidence. - Subdeltas and Wetland Loss. - The Sediment Problem. - Future Mitigation: Artifical Diversions. - PART III: STRATEGIES. - 16 Economizing Human Responses to Subsidence and Rising Sea Level / J. M. Broadus. - Introduction. - Example Assessments for Bangladesh and Egypt. - An Extension of Crude Loss Estimates. - Qualitative Considerations. - Economic Considerations in Human Responses. - Summary. - 17 Man-Made Projects and Relative Sea-Level Rise / J. G. de Ronde. - General Considerations of Impacts. - A Preliminary Study for The Netherlands. - Policy Analysis. - 18 Impact of Sea Level Rise on Flood Control in Bangkok and Vicinity / Sanga Sabhasri, Ksemsan Suwarnarat. - Introduction. - Flood Control Plans. - Impact of Upstream Agricultural Development. - Land Subsidence. - Sedimention due to the Chao Praya River. - Coastal Vulnerability: Hazards and Strategies / B. U. Haq, J. D. Milliman. - Introduction. - Impacts. - of Accelerated Sea-Level Rise on Coastal Areas. - Impacts of Sea-Level Rise. - Adaptive Strategies. - Examples of Action and Consequences of Inaction. - Concluding Statement. - List of Contributors. - Geographic Index.

Note: Inhalt: Vorwort zur deutschen Ausgabe. - Der Anfang. - Ich erlerne einen Beruf. - Meine Universitäten als Matrose. - Ich werde Rotgardist. - Als Partisan auf der Krim. - Bei der Tscheka. - Der Anfang des Polarweges. - Am äußersten Zipfel des Festlandes. - Die Expedition zum Pol wird vorbereitet. - Polaralltag. - Am Kreuzweg aller Meridiane. - Finsterer Sturm und weißer Schnee. - Die Wärme der Heimat. - Immer unterwegs. - Die wundervollen Leute von der "Sedow". - Krieg!. - In der Hauptstadt des Pomorenlandes. - In der Frontstadt Murmansk. - Das schwerste Jahr. - Weit im Osten. - Auf dem Wege zum Sieg. - Bevor es wieder Tag wurde. - Wie unsere Kameraden gekämpft haben. - Hilfe für die Front. - Meine Freunde. - Wir stechen in See. - Die "Akademik Kurtschatow" und andere Schiffe. - Borok. - Die Geographie ist eine exakte Wissenschaft. - Wenn ich Rückschau halte. , Aus dem Russischen übersetzt

Note: Table of Contents: CHAPTER 1: THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES: Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology. - Stable Isotopes: Standards and Measurement. - Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. - Radioisotopes. - Isotope Fractionation. - Isotope Fractionation (a), Enrichment (e), and Separation (D). - CHAPTER 2: TRACING THE HYDROLOGIGICAL CYCLE: Craig's Meteoric Relationship in Global Fresh Waters. - Partitioning of Isotopes Through the Hydrological Cycle. - Condensation, Precipitation, and the Meteoric Water Line. - A Closer Look at Rayleigh Distillation. - Effects of Extreme Evaporation. - CHAPTER 3: PRECIPITATION: The T - d18O Correlation in Precipitation. - Local Effects on T - d18O. - Ice Cores and Paleotemperature. - CHAPTER 4: GROUNDWATER: Recharge in Temperate Climates. - Recharge in Arid Regions. - Recharge from River-Connected Aquifers. - Hydrograph Separation in Catchment Studies. - Groundwater Mixing. - CHAPTER 5: TRACING THE CARBON CYCLE: Evolution of Carbon in Groundwaters. - Carbonate Geochemistry. - Carbon-13 in the Carbonate System. - Dissolved Organic Carbon. - Methane in Groundwaters. - Isotopic Composition of Carbonates. - CHAPTER 6: GROUNDWATER QUALITY: Sulphate, Sulphide and the Sulphur Cycle. - Nitrogen Cycles in Rural Watersheds. - The "Fuhrberger Feld" Study. - Source of Chloride Salinity. - Landfill Leachates. - Degredation of Chloro-organics and Hydrocarbon. - Sensitivity of Groundwater to Contamination. - Summary of Isotopes in Contaminant Hydrology. - CHAPTER 7: IDENTIYING AND DATING MODERN GROUNDWATERS: The "Age" of Groundwater. - Stable Isotopes. - Tritium in Precipitation. - Dating Groundwaters with Tritium. - Groundwater Dating with 3H -3He. - Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). - Thermonuclear 36Cl. - Detecting Modern Groundwaters with 85Kr . - Submodern Groundwater. - CHAPTER 8: AGE DATING OLD GROUNDWATERS: Stable Isotopes and Paleogroundwaters. - Groundwater Dating with Radiocarbon. - Correction for Carbonate Dissolution. - Some Additional Complications to 14C Dating. - 14C Dating with Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC). - Case Studies for 14C dating with DOC and DIC. - Chlorine-36 and Very Old Groundwater. - The Uranium Decay Series. - CHAPTER 9: WATER-ROCK INTERACTION: Mechanisms of Isotope Exchange. - High Temperature Systems. - Low Temperature Water-Rock Interaction. - Strontium Isotopes in Water and Rock. - Isotope Exchange in Gas-Water Reactions. - High pH Groundwaters-The Effect of Cement Reactions. - CHAPTER 10: FIELD METHODS FOR SAMPLING: Groundwater. - Water in the Unsaturated Zone. - Precipitation. - Gases. - Geochemistry. - References. - Subject Index. - Each chapter has Problems sections.

Note: Contents: Foreword. - Introduction. - 1. Cryogenic materials as multiphase polycristal formations. - 1.1 Gernal information. - 1.2 Spatial cryogenic structure. - 1.3 Water and solution phase transformations. - 1.4 Liquid phase in cryogenic media. - 1.5 Saline frozen earth materials particularities. - 1.6 Constiution of cryogenic formations. - 2. Electrical and mechanical relaxiation of heterogeneous media in the time variable fields. - 2.1 Founding principles. - 2.2 Heterogeneous multiphase media. - 2.3 Parameters of dynamic, electrical and mechanical properties. - 2.4 Phenomenological theory of relaxation. - 2.5 Physical model of frozen media. - 3. Electric properties. - 3.1 Physical basis. - 3.2 Conductivity and polarizability. - 3.3 Frequency dispersion in time varying electromagnetic fields. - 3.4 Temperature dependencies. - 3.5 Mineral and water composition dependencies. - 3.6 Characteristics and parameters of electric relaxation phenomena. - 3.7 Saline cryogenic media. - 3.8 Two phase ice formations. - 4. Moduli of elasticity. - 4.1 Cryogenic materials as elasto-viscous media. - 4.2 Ice formations. - 4.3 Frozen soils and rocks. - 4.4 Saline and peat soils. - 4.5 On the representiveness of dynamic and static moduli. - 5. Methods of determining electrical and elastic properties. - 5.1 Experimental preparation of frozen material samples. - 5.2 Electrical properties. - 5.3 Elastic properties. - 5.4 Electroacoustic effect. - 6. Physical basises of electrometric and seismic-acoustic techniques of cryogenic media investigations. - 6.1 Propagation characteristics of electromagnetic waves. - 6.2 Regularities of stress waves propagation. - 6.3 Interrelationships of mechanical and electrical properties. - 6.4 Electroacoustic conversion in frozen soils. - 6.5 Techniques to study of freezing kinetics and phase composition. - 6.6 Main fields of application and practical significance. - Conclusion. - Nomenclature. - Bibliography. , In kyrill. Schr. , Zsfassung in engl. Spr.

Note: CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION TO STUDIES ON THE VEGETATION OF MONGOLIA. - NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS AND THE DYNAMICS OF VEGETATION DISTRIBUTION IN MONGOLIA. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Natural features of Mongolia. - 1.3 Landscape-ecological regions. - 1.4 Landscape and ecological factors of vegetation dynamics. - 1.5 Conclusion. - LATE QUATERNARY VEGETATION HISTORY OF MONGOLIA. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 An overview of previous studies. - Studies on the vegetation history of Mongolia. - Modern pollen spectra: problems of interpretation. - Pollen preservation. - Long distant transport and re-deposition of pollen. - 2.3 Data used in this study. - Modern data. - Fossil data. - 2.4 Regional pollen records from individual sites. - Hoton-Nur Lake. - Achit-Nur Lake. - Dood-Nur Lake. - Daba-Nur Lake. - Yamant-Nur Lake. - Gun-Nur Lake. - 2.5 Holocene changes in the distribution of tree and shrub taxa in Mongolia validated by plant macrofossil records. - Results. - Interpretation and discussion. - 2.6 Spatial reconstruction and mapping of Mongolian vegetation during the last 15,000 years using a «biornization» method. - Summary of the method. - Implementation for Mongolia. - Validation of the method: present-day pollen-derived biome reconstruction. - Application to the fossil pollen data. - 2.7 General discussion and conclusions. - ASSESSING PRESENT-DAY PLANT COVER DYNAMICS. - 3.1 Introduction. Modern Methods for Studying and Monitoring Plant Cover. - 3.2 Mountain Plant Community Dynamics. - 3.3 Plant Community Dynamics in Plains and Rocky Areas. - 3.4 Dynamics of Water-Associated Vegetation. - 3.5 Conclusions. - ANALYSIS OF PRESENT-DAY VEGETATION DYNAMICS. - 4.1 Basic changes in vegetation. - 4.2 Regressive plant community successions. - 4.3 Progressive plant community regeneration. - 4.4 Mapping vegetation dynamics. - 4.5 Conclusions. - STRATEGIES FOR NATURE MANAGEMENT AND VEGETATION CONSERVATION. - 5.1 Introduction. Methods for vegetation conservation. - 5.2 Restoration and conservation of botanical successions. - 5.3 Systems for the conservation of botanical diversity. - 5.4 Conclusions. - SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. - References. - Appendix 1. - Appendix 2. - Index.