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  • 2000-2004  (250)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer simulation of void growth dynamics under the action of electromigration and capillary forces in narrow thin interconnects (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 1564-1572 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A comprehensive picture of void dynamics in connection with the critical morphological evolution has been developed in order to understand the conditions under which premature failure of metallic thin interconnects occurs. Our mathematical model on the mass flow and accumulation on void surfaces, under the action of applied electrostatic and elastostatic force fields, and capillary effects, follows an irreversible but discrete thermodynamic formulation of interphases and surfaces. This formalism also takes into account in a natural way the mass transfer process (the void growth), between bulk phase and the void region in multi-component systems, in terms of the normalized local values of Gibbs free energy of transformation with respect to the specific surface Gibbs free energy, in addition to the contribution due to local curvature of the advancing reaction front, rather rigorously. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1382835
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation of dislocation damping spectra associated with the collective motion of point defects and kink chain subjected to bulk segregation (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 1860-1870 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A theory of interactive and completely coupled systems of dislocations and mobile point defects is presented. The computer simulations yield an accurate prediction of experimental spectral data in terms of dislocation induced Cottrell relaxation and its gradual conversion into a Cottrell–Koster relaxation peak at high concentrations of spherical point defect. The bulk segregation of point defects to the kinked-dislocation line is also accounted for. Excellent results are obtained in computer simulations of aging, peaking, and finally the stabilization behavior of transient dislocation damping peaks. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1429769
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    If Colin Powell had Commanded Enron: The Hidden Foundation of Leadership (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business strategy review 15 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8616
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0955-6419.2004.00312.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimal Liability for Libel (2003)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Contributions to economic analysis & policy 2.2003, 1, art6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1538-0645
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Although courts justify the constitutional law of libel with consequential reasoning, the true consequences of liability for harmful speech have never been fully explored. We construct an analytical framework for studying libel law, emphasizing both the positive and negative externalities generated by the publication of information. Our model highlights two distinct decisions that a publisher faces, the verification decision and the publication decision. We first demonstrate that a single damage measure for publication of false libelous information, such as the "damages equal harm" measure, cannot simultaneously induce socially optimal decisions regarding verification and publication. We then argue that the damage measure should depend on the efficacy of the verification process. Interestingly, when verification is reasonably effective, the damage award should be set equal to the social benefit from truthful publication. Our analysis provides a theoretical foundation for important elements of current libel law. It also suggests practicable avenues for reform.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bejeap/contributions/vol2/iss1/art6
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contradictions and Dialectics: Reshaping Political Space in Israel/Palestine. An Indirect Response to Lina Jamoul (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Antipode 36 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8330
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2004.00439.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of hierarchical folding on energy landscapes of hexapeptides (2001)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 115 (2001), S. 10533-10547 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this paper we apply the master equation approach to study the effects of the energy landscape topology and topography on the kinetics of folding, and on kinetic transitions of three alanine-hexapeptides analogs which involve polypeptides with neutral and charged groups and a cyclized polypeptide. We rely on the potential-energy landscapes of these molecular systems, which have been constructed using both a topological mapping analysis and a principal component analysis. It was found that the different topology and topography of the energy landscapes result in different "folding" time scales and that the systems with geometrical constraints (cyclization and opposite charges at the termini) "fold" more slowly than the unconstrained peptide. In addition, for each of the three polypeptide systems, the kinetics is nonexponential at the temperature range 400–600 K. The relaxation kinetics is characterized by logarithmic oscillations, which indicate hierarchical dynamics characterized by multiple time scales of fast (few ps) and slow (few μs) events. At higher temperatures, successive relaxation channels with similar characteristic time scales collapse into a single relaxation channel. While the kinetics of the unconstrained peptide at 600 K can be reasonably well described by a single exponential time scale, the kinetics of the constrained hexapeptides are inherently hierarchical and featured by multiple time scales even at high temperatures. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1415444
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy landscapes of conformationally constrained peptides (2001)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 114 (2001), S. 993-1009 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Conformation constraints are known to affect the flexibility and bioactivity of peptides. In this study we analyzed the effect of conformation constraints on the topography of the energy landscapes of three analogous hexapeptides. The three analogs vary in the degree of constraint imposed on their conformational motion: linear alanine hexapeptide with neutral terminals (Ala6), linear alanine hexapeptide with charged terminals (chrg-Ala6), and cyclic alanine hexapeptide (cyc-Ala6). It was found that significantly different energy landscapes characterize each of the three peptides, leading to different folding behaviors. Since all three analogs would be encoded by the same gene, these results suggest that nongenomic post-translational modifications may play an important role in determining the properties of proteins as well as of their folding pathways. In addition, the present study indicates that the complexity of those energy landscapes that are dominated by funnel topography can be captured by one or two reaction coordinates, such as conformational similarity to the native state. However, for more complex landscapes characterized by multiple basins such a description is insufficient. This study also shows that similar views of the landscape topography were obtained by principal component analysis (based only on local minima) and by topological mapping analysis (based on minima and barrier information). Both methods were able to resolve the complex landscape topographies for all three peptides. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1329646
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between plant hydraulic and biochemical properties derived from a steady-state coupled water and carbon transport model (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: There is growing evidence that plant stomata have evolved physiological controls to satisfy the demand for CO2 by photosynthesis while regulating water losses by leaves in a manner that does not cause cavitation in the soil–root–xylem hydraulic system. Whether the hydraulic and biochemical properties of plants evolve independently or whether they are linked at a time scale relevant to plant stand development remains uncertain. To address this question, a steady-state analytical model was developed in which supply of CO2 via the stomata and biochemical demand for CO2 are constrained by the balance between loss of water vapour from the leaf to the atmosphere and supply of water from the soil to the leaf. The model predicts the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) for which the maximum demand for CO2 is in equilibrium with the maximum hydraulically permissible supply of water through the soil–root–xylem system. The model was then tested at two forest stands in which simultaneous hydraulic, ecophysiological, and long-term carbon isotope discrimination measurements were available. The model formulation reproduces analytically recent findings on the sensitivity of bulk stomatal conductance (gs) to vapour pressure deficit (D); namely, gs = gref(1 − m × lnD), where m is a sensitivity parameter and gref is a reference conductance defined at D = 1 kPa. An immediate outcome of the model is an explicit relationship between maximum carboxylation capacity (Vcmax) and soil–plant hydraulic properties. It is shown that this relationship is consistent with measurements reported for conifer and rain forest angiosperm species. The analytical model predicts a decline in Vcmax as the hydraulic capacity of the soil–root–xylem decreases with stand development or age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.00965.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of tree height on crown level stomatal conductance (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 23 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Variation in stomatal conductance is typically explained in relation to environmental conditions. However, tree height may also contribute to the variability in mean stomatal conductance. Mean canopy stomatal conductance of individual tree crowns (GSi) was estimated using sap flux measurements in Fagus sylvatica L., and the hypothesis that GSi decreases with tree height was tested. Over 13 d of the growing season during which soil moisture was not limiting, GSi decreased linearly with the natural logarithm of vapour pressure deficit (D), and increased exponentially to saturation with photosynthetic photon flux density (Qo). Under conditions of D= 1 kPa and saturating Qo, GSi decreased by approximately 60% with 30 m increase in tree height. Over the same range in height, sapwood-to-leaf area ratio (AS:AL) doubled. A simple hydraulic model explained the variation in GSi based on an inverse relationship with height, and a linear relationship with AS:AL. Thus, in F. sylvatica, adjustments in AS:AL partially compensate for the negative effect of increased flow-path length on leaf conductance. Furthermore, because stomata with low conductance are less sensitive to D, gas exchange of tall trees is reduced less by high D. Despite these compensations, decreasing hydraulic conductance with tree height in F. sylvatica reduces carbon uptake through a corresponding decrease in stomatal conductance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00553.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling the limits on the response of net carbon exchange to fertilization in a south-eastern pine forest (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 25 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Using a combination of model simulations and detailed measurements at a hierarchy of scales conducted at a sandhills forest site, the effect of fertilization on net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and its components in 6-year-old Pinus taeda stands was quantified. The detailed measurements, collected over a 20-d period in September and October, included gas exchange and eddy covariance fluxes, sampled for a 10-d period each at the fertilized stand and at the control stand. Respiration from the forest floor and above-ground biomass was measured using chambers during the experiment. Fertilization doubled leaf area index (LAI) and increased leaf carboxylation capacity by 20%. However, this increase in total LAI translated into an increase of only 25% in modelled sunlit LAI and in canopy photosynthesis. It is shown that the same climatic and environmental conditions that enhance photosynthesis in the September and October periods also cause an increase in respiration The increases in respiration counterbalanced photosynthesis and resulted in negligible NEE differences between fertilized and control stands. The fact that total biomass of the fertilized stand exceeded 2·5 times that of the control, suggests that the counteracting effects cannot persist throughout the year. In fact, modelled annual carbon balance showed that gross primary productivity (GPP) increased by about 50% and that the largest enhancement in NEE occurred in the spring and autumn, during which cooler temperatures reduced respiration more than photosynthesis. The modelled difference in annual NEE between fertilized  and  control  stands  (approximately  200 1;g 2;C 3;m−2 y−1)  suggest that the effect of fertilization was sufficiently large to transform the stand from a net terrestrial carbon source to a net sink.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00896.x
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