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  • 2000-2004  (328)
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  • 1
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    Long-Term Trends of Inorganic Chlorine from Ground-Based Infrared Solar Spectra: Past Increases and Evidence for Stabilization (2003)
    In:  EPIC3Journal of geophysical research-atmospheresD8), 108, 4252 p.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Long-term time series of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate(ClONO2) total column abundances have been retrieved from high spectralresolution ground-based solar absorption spectra recorded withinfrared Fourier transform spectrometers at nine NDSC(Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change) sites in bothNorthern and Southern Hemispheres. The data sets span up to 24years and most extend until the end of 2001. The time series ofCly (defined here as the sum of the HCl and ClONO2 columns) from thethree locations with the longest time span records show rapid increasesuntil the early 1990s superimposed on marked day-to-day, seasonal andinter-annual variability. Subsequently, the buildup in Cly slowsand reaches a broad plateau after 1996, also characterized byvariability. A similar time evolution is also found in the totalchlorine concentration at 55 km altitude derived fromHalogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) global observations since 1991.The stabilization of inorganic chlorine observed in both the totalcolumns and at 55 km altitude indicates that the near-global 1993organic chlorine (CCly) peak at the Earth?s surface has now propagatedover a broad altitude range in the upper atmosphere, though the timelag is difficult to quantify precisely from the current data sets dueto variability. We compare the three longest measured time serieswith two-dimensional model calculations extending from 1977 to 2010,based on a halocarbon scenario that assumes past measured trendsand a realistic extrapolation into the future.The model predicts broad Cly maxima consistent with the long-termobservations, followed by a slow Cly decline of 12-14% relative to thepeak by 2010. The data reported here confirm the effectiveness of theMontreal Protocol and its Amendments and Adjustments in progressivelyphasing out the major man-related perturbations of the stratosphericozone layer, in particular, the anthropogenic chlorine-bearing source gases.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
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    Validation of ENVISAT-1 Level-2 Products related to lower Atmosphere O3 and NOy Chemistry by an FTIR Quasi-Global Network (2003)
    In:  EPIC3Proceedings of the Envisat Validation Workshop 〈9-13 December 2002, Frascati, Italy〉, (ESA SP-531), ESA Publication Division.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , notRev
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Landscape Ecology Approach to Assessing Development Impacts in the Tropics: A Geothermal Energy Example in Hawaii (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 23 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Geographic information systems (GIS) are increasingly being used in environmental impact assessments (EIA) because GIS is useful for analysing spatial impacts of various development scenarios. Spatially representing these impacts provides another tool for landscape ecology in environmental and geographical investigations by facilitating analysis of the effects of landscape pattern on ecological processes and examining change over time. Landscape ecological principles are applied in this study to a hypothetical geothermal development project on the Island of Hawaii. Some common landscape pattern metrics were used to analyse dispersed versus condensed development scenarios and their effect on landscape pattern. Indices of fragmentation and patch shape did not appreciably change with additional development. The amount of forest to open edge, however, greatly increased with the dispersed development scenario. In addition, landscape metrics showed that a human disturbance had a greater simplifying effect on patch shape and also increased fragmentation than a natural disturbance. The use of these landscape pattern metrics can advance the methodology of applying GIS to EIA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9493.00115
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Consumers’ attitudes, knowledge, self-reported and actual hand washing behaviour: a challenge for designers of intervention materials (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of consumer studies 27 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1470-6431
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Cross contamination by microbial pathogens in the kitchen environment may play an important role in many cases of food borne illnesses. Hand washing has been shown to be one of the most important factors in controlling the spread of microorganisms and in preventing the spread of disease. However, educational campaigns such as distribution of information leaflets, workshops, performance feedback and lectures have been, at best, associated with a transient improvement in compliance rates. In addition, the majority of research investigating UK consumers’ food safety behaviour has examined self-reported as opposed to actual hand washing behaviour.This research utilises psychological theory in an attempt to understand how one might design a more effective hand washing campaign. Social cognition models were utilised to explore the relationship between consumers’ knowledge, attitudes, self-reported and actual hand washing behaviour. The research was conducted in two stages. Firstly, salient beliefs of 100 consumers towards food safety were obtained using open-ended questions. Secondly, the food handling practices of 40 consumers were observed and their food safety attitudes and knowledge determined using structured questionnaires.All the participants were knowledgeable about hand washing techniques, intended to wash their hands and generally had positive attitudes towards the importance of washing their hands. However, none of the participants adequately washed their hands on all appropriate occasions. The attitude statement results suggest measures of perceived behavioural control, perceived barriers and perceived risk may provide developers of food safety intervention materials with more useful information compared with measures of consumers’ knowledge or intention. Issues of habit and optimistic bias also need to be given consideration when designing intervention materials to change hand washing behaviour of consumers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1470-6431.2003.00308_22.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison and evaluation of research methods used in consumer food safety studies (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of consumer studies 27 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1470-6431
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Worldwide incidence of food-borne disease has increased in recent years and data suggest that inadequate food-handling behaviour in the domestic environment may be an important factor. As a consequence of this, research into aspects of consumer food safety has been undertaken, especially in the UK and USA. The overall aims of conducting such research have been to investigate aspects of consumer food safety behaviour and to utilize information in the development of effective food safety education initiatives. In the past 25 years, 87 consumer food safety studies have been undertaken using different research methodologies; 75% utilized survey techniques (questionnaires and interviews), 17% were based on direct observation, and 8% utilized focus groups. The advantages and disadvantages of the different research methods used are discussed. Similarly, different forms of reliability and validity have been considered in the context of each research method used. A comparison of results from consumer food safety studies has shown that use of different research designs and approaches has resulted in differences in the findings about consumer food safety behaviour. Survey responses have provided a more optimistic portrayal of consumer food safety behaviour than data obtained from focus groups and direct observation. Although consumers have demonstrated knowledge, positive attitudes and intentions to implement safe practices, substantially larger proportions of consumers have been observed to implement frequent malpractices. This suggests that observational data provide the most reliable information denoting consumers’ actual food safety behaviour and should be used preferentially with risk-based data for the design of communication strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1470-6431.2003.00283.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A survey of environmental health officers' views of food hygiene training (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    British food journal 106 (2004), S. 51-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In both their enforcement and training role environmental health officers (EHOs) may influence businesses' attitudes to hygiene training. A survey was conducted to examine EHOs' experience and perceptions of the provision and effectiveness of food hygiene training in small food businesses. The results indicate that officers had concerns about the content and the delivery of hygiene courses and about the quality of other hygiene trainers. Officers use the industry guides to advise on training but receive limited guidance on the assessment of hygiene training in the workplace. The checking of training records was considered to be less important than the use of observation and questioning for assessing hygiene training effectiveness. Environmental factors, such as supervisor support and situational aids were judged by officers to be important factors in the implementation of workplace hygiene training. They reported low levels of formal refresher training and active support of training by management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070700410515208
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The marketing strategy-performance relationship in an export-driven developing economy: A Korean illustration (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International marketing review 21 (2004), S. 321-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The relationship between export marketing strategies and export performance is examined in Korea under the strategy-environmental co-alignment theoretical perspective put forth previously. A sample of managing directors of electronics exporters in Korea is used to test the hypotheses. Results indicate that the adaptation of products to foreign customers' tastes, adjustment of export prices to foreign market conditions, direct exporting, and trade promotions toward overseas distributors positively influence the performance of Korea exporters. Expenditure on overseas advertising was not found to influence export performance. Implications for marketing practitioners and academics are addressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02651330410539648
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Standardization/adaptation of international marketing strategy: Necessary conditions for the advancement of knowledge (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International marketing review 20 (2003), S. 588-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: For over 40 years academicians and practitioners have debated the standardization versus adaptation of international marketing strategy. Despite the importance of, and tremendous interest in the topic, and the volume of scholarly activity this topic has generated, the debate remains unresolved. Why? Here, it is argued that the last 40 years of scholarly research has advanced without a strong underlying theoretical framework. The historical foundations of the standardization/adaptation perspective are presented, followed by a critical evaluation of the field under the guiding framework of the fundamentals of theoretical construction. Suggestions for developing a stronger theoretical foundation, as well as directions for future research are addressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02651330310505204
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An investigation of the factors underlying consumers' implementation of specific food safety practices (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    British food journal 105 (2003), S. 434-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Utilises social cognition models to determine the beliefs, attitudes and knowledge of consumers towards food safety. The main aim was to determine the underlying factors influencing consumers' implementation of specific food safety practices in the home. The research was conducted in two stages. First, salient beliefs of 100 consumers towards food safety were obtained using open-ended questions. Second, the food handling practices of 40 consumers were observed and their food safety attitudes and knowledge determined using structured questionnaires. Disparities were shown between participants' knowledge of specific hygiene practices and their implementation of these practices. Participants demonstrated a lack of and/or inadequate implementation of a number of hygiene practices, including a lack of handwashing, poor hand-washing technique and inadequate cleaning of surfaces. The results suggest measures of perceived behavioural control, perceived barriers and perceived risk may provide developers of food safety intervention materials with more useful information compared with measures of knowledge or intention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070700310497237
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observation of food safety practices in catering using notational analysis (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    British food journal 106 (2004), S. 211-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Observations of food handlers' practices have many uses. Describes the use of a notational analysis technique to monitor and analyse specific food safety actions of caterers. A total of 115 food handlers from 29 catering businesses were observed carrying out 31,050 food preparation and hygiene actions in their workplace. Notational analysis was found to offer little advantage, compared to traditional observation methods. However, this technique did allow tracking of sequential events and was successful in identifying and recording a greater number of cross-contamination events than would have been highlighted using traditional approaches. The results demonstrated that, based on hygiene guidelines, food handlers were required to implement de-contamination actions on a large number of occasions. These de-contamination actions were frequently inadequately conducted. To improve standards of food hygiene in catering there is a need to minimise the requirements for de-contamination activities thereby reducing the potential for cross-contamination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070700410528790
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