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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Long-term time series of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate(ClONO2) total column abundances have been retrieved from high spectralresolution ground-based solar absorption spectra recorded withinfrared Fourier transform spectrometers at nine NDSC(Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change) sites in bothNorthern and Southern Hemispheres. The data sets span up to 24years and most extend until the end of 2001. The time series ofCly (defined here as the sum of the HCl and ClONO2 columns) from thethree locations with the longest time span records show rapid increasesuntil the early 1990s superimposed on marked day-to-day, seasonal andinter-annual variability. Subsequently, the buildup in Cly slowsand reaches a broad plateau after 1996, also characterized byvariability. A similar time evolution is also found in the totalchlorine concentration at 55 km altitude derived fromHalogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) global observations since 1991.The stabilization of inorganic chlorine observed in both the totalcolumns and at 55 km altitude indicates that the near-global 1993organic chlorine (CCly) peak at the Earth?s surface has now propagatedover a broad altitude range in the upper atmosphere, though the timelag is difficult to quantify precisely from the current data sets dueto variability. We compare the three longest measured time serieswith two-dimensional model calculations extending from 1977 to 2010,based on a halocarbon scenario that assumes past measured trendsand a realistic extrapolation into the future.The model predicts broad Cly maxima consistent with the long-termobservations, followed by a slow Cly decline of 12-14% relative to thepeak by 2010. The data reported here confirm the effectiveness of theMontreal Protocol and its Amendments and Adjustments in progressivelyphasing out the major man-related perturbations of the stratosphericozone layer, in particular, the anthropogenic chlorine-bearing source gases.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: This paper presents extensive {bias determination} analyses of ozone observations from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) satellite instruments: the ACE Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and the Measurement of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation (ACE-MAESTRO) instrument. Here we compare the latest ozone data products from ACE-FTS and ACE-MAESTRO with coincident observations from nearly 20 satellite-borne, airborne, balloon-borne and ground-based instruments, by analysing volume mixing ratio profiles and partial column densities. The ACE-FTS version 2.2 Ozone Update product reports more ozone than most correlative measurements from the upper troposphere to the lower mesosphere. At altitude levels from 16 to 44 km, the average values of the mean relative differences are nearly all within +1 to +8%. At higher altitudes (4560 km), the ACE-FTS ozone amounts are significantly larger than those of the comparison instruments, with mean relative differences of up to +40% (about +20% on average). For the ACE-MAESTRO version 1.2 ozone data product, mean relative differences are within ±10% (average values within ±6%) between 18 and 40 km for both the sunrise and sunset measurements. At higher altitudes (~3555 km), systematic biases of opposite sign are found between the ACE-MAESTRO sunrise and sunset observations. While ozone amounts derived from the ACE-MAESTRO sunrise occultation data are often smaller than the coincident observations (with mean relative differences down to −10%), the sunset occultation profiles for ACE-MAESTRO show results that are qualitatively similar to ACE-FTS, indicating a large positive bias (mean relative differences within +10 to +30%) in the 4555 km altitude range. In contrast, there is no significant systematic difference in bias found for the ACE-FTS sunrise and sunset measurements.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 61 (1989), S. 195-203 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The use of autoregressive modelling has acquired great importance in time series analysis and in principle it may also be applicable in the spectral analysis of point processes with similar advantages over the nonparametric approach. Most of the methods used for autoregressive spectral analysis require positive semidefinite estimates for the covariance function, while current methods for the estimation of the covariance density function of a point process given a realization over the interval [0,T] do not guarantee a positive semidefinite estimate. This paper discusses methods for the estimation of the covariance density and conditional intensity function of point processes and present alternative computational efficient estimation algorithms leading always to positive semidefinite estimates, therefore adequate for autoregressive spectral analysis. Autoregressive spectral modelling of point processes from Yule-Walker type equations and Levinson recursion combined with the minimum AIC or CAT principle is illustrated with neurobiological data.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 19 (2000), S. 610-615 
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Cryopreservation ; Embryogenic tissue ; Pinus patula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Embryogenic tissue of Pinus patula Scheide et Deppe was cryopreserved for 8 weeks using sorbitol and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as cryoprotectants. Results indicate that 0.3 M sorbitol and 5% DMSO had the best cryoprotecting effect. The recovered tissue initially underwent a lag phase but then continued to proliferate normally on MSG3 maintenance medium. Recovered tissue was placed onto MSG5 maturation medium, and embryos were isolated and germinated. Plantlet regeneration from the recovered tissue was achieved.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 15 (1977), S. 648-655 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: E.M.G. ; Spectral analysis ; Muscle ; Spike trains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire La génération d'un électromyogramme peut être mise en modèle par le filtrage linéaire des trains d'impulsionsN, considérés en tant qu'entrées neurales des unités motricesN, ou l'e.m.g. représente la somme des sorties des filtresN. En prenant ce modèle comme point de départ, on peut constater que non seulement les configurations des images potentielles de l'actionN, vues par les électrodes, représentent un facteur important pour l'établissement de la définition du spectre d'électromyogramme, mais que la distribution des intervalles entre-crête des trains d'impulsions le sont également. Similairement, on peut constater que les modifications d'ordre statistique des trains d'impulsions affectent l'extrémité de basse-fréquence du spectre de puissance, même si les potentiels actifs de l'unité motrice ne changent pas de configuration. Cet effet est illustré par l'utilisation de donées déjà publiées qui se rapportent aux aspects des muscles deltoides et des bicep brachiaux. Une méthode est également présentee, qui consiste à incorporer la synchronisation de l'unité motrice et, à cet égard, on constate que l'effet de cette dernière peut être possiblement à l'inverse de celle qui est engendrée par les statistiques des temps d'allumage.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Erzeugung eines EMG kann durch lineares Filtern einerN-Impulsserie im Modell dargestellt werden, die als neurale Eingaben fürN-motorische Einheiten angesehen werden, wobei das EMG die Summe der Ausgaben von denN-Filtern ist. Ausgehend von diesem Modell wird gezeigt, daß die Formen der durchN-Wirkung hervorgerufenen Potentialbilder, die von den Elektroden abgelesen werden, nicht nur einen bedeutenden Faktor in der Begrenzung des Spektrums darstellen, sondern daß dies auch für die Intervall- verteilung der Impulsserien zwischen den Spitzen zutrifft. Änderungen inder Statistik der Impulsserien wirken sich erwiesenermaßen auf die Nieder-frequenzseite des Kraftspektrums aus, selbst wenn die Aktionspotentiale der motorischen Einheiten ihre Form nicht ändern. Die Wirkung wird durch Einsatz von bereits veröffentlichten Daten über den Deltamuskel und die Brachialmuskeln dargestellt. Ein Mittel zum Einschluß der Synchronisation von motorischen Einheiten wird vorgestellt, und eswird gezeigt, daß seine Wirkung entegengesetzt zur Auslösungsstatistik liegen kann.
    Notes: Abstract The generation of an e.m.g. can be modelled by linear filtering of N impulse trains, regarded as the neural inputs to N motor units, where the e.m.g. is the sum of the outputs of the N filters. Starting from this model, it is shown that not only are the shapes of the N action potential images as viewed by the electrodes an important factor in defining the spectrum, but so is the interspike interval distribution of the impulse trains. Changes in the statistics of the pulse trains are shown to affect the low-frequency end of the power spectrum even if the motor-unit action potentials do not change shape. The effect is illustrated by use of data already published on deltoid muscle and brachii biceps. A means of including motor-unit synchronisation is introduced and it is shown that its effect can be contrary to that due to the firing statistics.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 18 (1980), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Human skeletal muscle ; in vitro ; Mechanical properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The steady-state and small-scale dynamic mechanical properties of human rectus abdominis and intercostal muscle have been investigated by testing small biopsiesin vitro, taken during normal surgery. It has proved possible to obtain valid data on the tension/length/stimulation-rate relationship at body temperature for up to 24 hours after removal. The twitch and tetanus parameters, i.e. maximum tension, rise time and decay time, show comparability with those found by other workersin vivo. The steady-state tension/length/stimulation-rate relationship is similar to those found for other mammalian muscles; the tension/stimulation-rate relationship being dependent on muscle length. The responses to small-scale dynamic inputs show the importance of dynamic properties at physiological rates of change of parameters. Responses to single-parameter inputs appear to add when both inputs are applied simultaneously.
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