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  • 1
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    Imaging of Rab5 activity identifies essential regulators for phagosome maturation (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-04
    Description: Efficient phagocytosis of apoptotic cells is crucial for tissue homeostasis and the immune response. Rab5 is known as a key regulator of the early endocytic pathway and we have recently shown that Rab5 is also implicated in apoptotic cell engulfment; however, the precise spatio-temporal dynamics of Rab5 activity remain unknown. Here, using a newly developed fluorescence resonance energy transfer biosensor, we describe a change in Rab5 activity during the engulfment of apoptotic thymocytes. Rab5 activity on phagosome membranes began to increase on disassembly of the actin coat encapsulating phagosomes. Rab5 activation was either continuous or repetitive for up to 10 min, but it ended before the collapse of engulfed apoptotic cells. Expression of a dominant-negative mutant of Rab5 delayed this collapse of apoptotic thymocytes, showing a role for Rab5 in phagosome maturation. Disruption of microtubules with nocodazole inhibited Rab5 activation on the phagosome membrane without perturbing the engulfment of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, we found that Gapex-5 is the guanine nucleotide exchange factor essential for Rab5 activation during the engulfment of apoptotic cells. Gapex-5 was bound to a microtubule-tip-associating protein, EB1, whose depletion inhibited Rab5 activation during phagocytosis. We therefore propose a mechanistic model in which the recruitment of Gapex-5 to phagosomes through the microtubule network induces the transient Rab5 activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kitano, Masahiro -- Nakaya, Michio -- Nakamura, Takeshi -- Nagata, Shigekazu -- Matsuda, Michiyuki -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 8;453(7192):241-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06857. Epub 2008 Apr 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18385674" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/metabolism ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cells, Cultured ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Genes, Dominant ; Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism ; Microtubules/drug effects ; Nocodazole/pharmacology ; Phagocytosis/drug effects ; Phagosomes/drug effects/*metabolism ; Swiss 3T3 Cells ; Thymus Gland/cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; rab5 GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Regulation of the innate immune response by threonine-phosphatase of Eyes absent (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-30
    Description: Innate immunity is stimulated not only by viral or bacterial components, but also by non-microbial danger signals (damage-associated molecular patterns). One of the damage-associated molecular patterns is chromosomal DNA that escapes degradation. In programmed cell death and erythropoiesis, DNA from dead cells or nuclei expelled from erythroblasts is digested by DNase II in the macrophages after they are engulfed. DNase II(-/-) (also known as Dnase2a(-/-)) mice suffer from severe anaemia or chronic arthritis due to interferon-beta (IFN-beta) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) produced from the macrophages carrying undigested DNA in a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-independent mechanism. Here we show that Eyes absent 4 (EYA4), originally identified as a co-transcription factor, stimulates the expression of IFN-beta and CXCL10 in response to the undigested DNA of apoptotic cells. EYA4 enhanced the innate immune response against viruses (Newcastle disease virus and vesicular stomatitis virus), and could associate with signalling molecules (IPS-1 (also known as MAVS), STING (TMEM173) and NLRX1). Three groups have previously shown that EYA has phosphatase activity. We found that mouse EYA family members act as a phosphatase for both phosphotyrosine and phosphothreonine. The haloacid dehalogenase domain at the carboxy terminus contained the tyrosine-phosphatase, and the amino-terminal half carried the threonine-phosphatase. Mutations of the threonine-phosphatase, but not the tyrosine-phosphatase, abolished the ability of EYA4 to enhance the innate immune response, suggesting that EYA regulates the innate immune response by modulating the phosphorylation state of signal transducers for the intracellular pathogens.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Okabe, Yasutaka -- Sano, Teruyuki -- Nagata, Shigekazu -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jul 23;460(7254):520-4. doi: 10.1038/nature08138. Epub 2009 Jun 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19561593" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Line ; Chemokine CXCL10/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation/*immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/*immunology ; Interferon-beta/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Trans-Activators/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Chromospheric alfvenic waves strong enough to power the solar wind (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-12-08
    Description: Alfven waves have been invoked as a possible mechanism for the heating of the Sun's outer atmosphere, or corona, to millions of degrees and for the acceleration of the solar wind to hundreds of kilometers per second. However, Alfven waves of sufficient strength have not been unambiguously observed in the solar atmosphere. We used images of high temporal and spatial resolution obtained with the Solar Optical Telescope onboard the Japanese Hinode satellite to reveal that the chromosphere, the region sandwiched between the solar surface and the corona, is permeated by Alfven waves with strong amplitudes on the order of 10 to 25 kilometers per second and periods of 100 to 500 seconds. Estimates of the energy flux carried by these waves and comparisons with advanced radiative magnetohydrodynamic simulations indicate that such Alfven waves are energetic enough to accelerate the solar wind and possibly to heat the quiet corona.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉De Pontieu, B -- McIntosh, S W -- Carlsson, M -- Hansteen, V H -- Tarbell, T D -- Schrijver, C J -- Title, A M -- Shine, R A -- Tsuneta, S -- Katsukawa, Y -- Ichimoto, K -- Suematsu, Y -- Shimizu, T -- Nagata, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 7;318(5856):1574-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, 3251 Hanover Street, Organization ADBS, Building 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. bdp@lmsal.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18063784" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Twisting motions of sunspot penumbral filaments (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-12-08
    Description: The penumbra of a sunspot is composed of numerous thin, radially extended, bright and dark filaments carrying outward gas flows (the Evershed flow). Using high-resolution images obtained by the Solar Optical Telescope aboard the solar physics satellite Hinode, we discovered a number of penumbral bright filaments revealing twisting motions about their axes. These twisting motions are observed only in penumbrae located in the direction perpendicular to the symmetry line connecting the sunspot center and the solar disk center, and the direction of the twist (that is, lateral motions of intensity fluctuation across filaments) is always from limb side to disk-center side. Thus, the twisting feature is not an actual twist or turn of filaments but a manifestation of dynamics of penumbral filaments with three-dimensional radiative transfer effects.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ichimoto, K -- Suematsu, Y -- Tsuneta, S -- Katsukawa, Y -- Shimizu, T -- Shine, R A -- Tarbell, T D -- Title, A M -- Lites, B W -- Kubo, M -- Nagata, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 7;318(5856):1597-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1, Osawa, Mitaka, Toyko 181-8588, Japan. ichimoto@solar.mtk.nao.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18063792" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Chromospheric anemone jets as evidence of ubiquitous reconnection (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-12-08
    Description: The heating of the solar chromosphere and corona is a long-standing puzzle in solar physics. Hinode observations show the ubiquitous presence of chromospheric anemone jets outside sunspots in active regions. They are typically 3 to 7 arc seconds = 2000 to 5000 kilometers long and 0.2 to 0.4 arc second = 150 to 300 kilometers wide, and their velocity is 10 to 20 kilometers per second. These small jets have an inverted Y-shape, similar to the shape of x-ray anemone jets in the corona. These features imply that magnetic reconnection similar to that in the corona is occurring at a much smaller spatial scale throughout the chromosphere and suggest that the heating of the solar chromosphere and corona may be related to small-scale ubiquitous reconnection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shibata, Kazunari -- Nakamura, Tahei -- Matsumoto, Takuma -- Otsuji, Kenichi -- Okamoto, Takenori J -- Nishizuka, Naoto -- Kawate, Tomoko -- Watanabe, Hiroko -- Nagata, Shin'ichi -- Ueno, Satoru -- Kitai, Reizaburo -- Nozawa, Satoshi -- Tsuneta, Saku -- Suematsu, Yoshinori -- Ichimoto, Kiyoshi -- Shimizu, Toshifumi -- Katsukawa, Yukio -- Tarbell, Theodore D -- Berger, Thomas E -- Lites, Bruce W -- Shine, Richard A -- Title, Alan M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 7;318(5856):1591-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Kwasan and Hida Observatories, Kyoto University, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8471, Japan. shibata@kwasan.kyoto-u.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18063790" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Small-scale jetlike features in penumbral chromospheres (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-12-08
    Description: We observed fine-scale jetlike features, referred to as penumbral microjets, in chromospheres of sunspot penumbrae. The microjets were identified in image sequences of a sunspot taken through a Ca II H-line filter on the Solar Optical Telescope on board the Japanese solar physics satellite Hinode. The microjets' small width of 400 kilometers and short duration of less than 1 minute make them difficult to identify in existing observations. The microjets are possibly caused by magnetic reconnection in the complex magnetic configuration in penumbrae and have the potential to heat the corona above a sunspot.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Katsukawa, Y -- Berger, T E -- Ichimoto, K -- Lites, B W -- Nagata, S -- Shimizu, T -- Shine, R A -- Suematsu, Y -- Tarbell, T D -- Title, A M -- Tsuneta, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 7;318(5856):1594-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan. yukio.katsukawa@nao.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18063791" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Coronal transverse magnetohydrodynamic waves in a solar prominence (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-12-08
    Description: Solar prominences are cool 10(4) kelvin plasma clouds supported in the surrounding 10(6) kelvin coronal plasma by as-yet-undetermined mechanisms. Observations from Hinode show fine-scale threadlike structures oscillating in the plane of the sky with periods of several minutes. We suggest that these represent Alfven waves propagating on coronal magnetic field lines and that these may play a role in heating the corona.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Okamoto, T J -- Tsuneta, S -- Berger, T E -- Ichimoto, K -- Katsukawa, Y -- Lites, B W -- Nagata, S -- Shibata, K -- Shimizu, T -- Shine, R A -- Suematsu, Y -- Tarbell, T D -- Title, A M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 7;318(5856):1577-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Astronomical Observatory (NAOJ), Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan. joten.okamoto@nao.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18063785" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical Property of Calcium-Zirconium-Indium Oxide by Irradiation (2005)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 480-481 (Mar. 2005), p. 579-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Radiation induced changes in electrical properties of calcium-zirconium-indium oxideceramics (CaZr0.9In0.1O3-d) were investigated using a fission reactor of Japan Materials Testing Reactor (JMTR). Electrical conductivity of CaZr0.9In0.1O3-d under the reactor irradiation increased by the Radiation Induced Conductivity (RIC), Radiation Induced Electromotive Force (RIEMIF)and Radiation Induced Electrical Degradation (RIED), caused by the electronic excitation. The RICand the RIEMF decreased gradually for the constant value of the reactor power with the increase of irradiation time. Moreover, it was confirmed by Post-irradiation Examination (PIE) experiments that the initial electrical and thermal properties were completely degraded by the irradiation. These radiation effects are attributed to point defects or their clusters produced by atomic displacements caused by neutron collisions and also by the radiolysis
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/10/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.480-481.579.pdf
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  • 9
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    An immunotoxin with greatly reduced immunogenicity by identification and removal of B cell epitopes (2008)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-04
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    High expression of a cytokeratin-associated protein in many cancers (2006)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-03
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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