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  • 1
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    Effects of model resolution on entrainment (inversion heights), cloud-radiation interactions, and cloud radiative forcing (2008)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-08
    Description: We undertook three-dimensional numerical studies of a marine stratus deck under a strong inversion using an interactive shortwave- and longwave-radiation module. A suite of sensitivity tests were conducted to address the effects of model resolution on entrainment (inversion heights), cloud-radiation interactions, and cloud radiative-forcings by varying model horizontal resolution only, varying vertical resolution only, and varying horizontal- and vertical-resolution simultaneously but with a fixed aspect ratio of 2.5. Our results showed that entrainment (inversion height) is more sensitive to vertical- than to horizontal-resolution. A vertical resolution finer than 40 m can simulate spatial- and temporal-variations in the inversion height well. The inversion height decreases with increasing vertical resolution, but tends to increase with increasing horizontal resolution. Cloud liquid water path doubles after refining both the vertical- and horizontal-resolution by a factor of four. This doubling is associated with a positive feedback between cloud water and cloud top radiative cooling, which amplifies small differences initiated by changes in the model resolution. The magnitude of the cloud radiative-forcing tends to increase with increasing model resolution, mainly attributable to the increase in the cloud liquid water path. Shortwave radiative forcing is dominant, and more sensitive to model resolution than the longwave counterpart.
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 2
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    Surface ozone trend details and interpretations in Beijing, 2001–2006 (2009)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2009-03-27
    Description: Beijing is a megacity situated in the rapidly developing Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of northern China. In this study, we analyze data on ozone and nitrogen oxide levels obtained at six urban sites in Beijing between the months of July and September. Our goal is to investigate average trends and interpretations over the 2001–2006 period. Average concentrations of NOx (NOx=NO+NO2), O3, and Ox (Ox=O3+NO2) were 49.2±5.9 ppbv, 26.6±2.8 ppbv, and 60.3±1.9 ppbv, respectively. NOx concentrations decreased linearly at a rate of 3.9±0.5 ppbv/yr after 2002, while ozone concentrations increased at a rate of 1.1±0.5 ppbv/yr in a two-year cycle during 2001–2006, and Ox concentrations remained nearly constant. The reduction of NOx emissions and elevated non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHCs) emissions may have contributed to the increased O3 concentrations in Beijing. When the contributions from Beijings urban and surrounding areas were disaggregated via trajectory cluster analysis, daily maximum and average Ox concentrations attributable to Beijing local emissions increased linearly at rates of 1.3±0.6 ppbv/yr and 0.8±0.6 ppbv/yr, while the Ox concentrations attributable to regional areas decreased linearly at rates of 0.6±0.3 ppbv/yr and 0.5±0.3 ppbv/yr, respectively. The decrease in Ox concentrations of surrounding areas was found to counteract increasing Beijing urban Ox production, leading to nearly constant Ox concentrations in the Beijing region over the study period. Our results may be helpful for redefining government strategies to control the photochemical formation of air pollutants in the Beijing region. Our conclusions have relevance for developing megacities worldwide.
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 3
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    Groundwater response to leakage of surface water through a thick vadose zone in the middle reaches area of Heihe River Basin, in China (2009)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2009-12-22
    Description: The behavior of groundwater response to leakage of surface water in the middle reaches area of Heihe River Basin is significantly influenced by a thick vadose zone. The variation of groundwater level is a result of two recharge events corresponding to leakage of Heihe River and irrigation water with different delay time. A nonlinear leakage model is developed to calculate the monthly leakage of Heihe River in considering changes of streamflow, river stage and agricultural water utilization. Numerical modeling of variable saturated flow is carried out to investigate the general behaviors of leakage-recharge conversion through a thick vadose zone. It is found that the variable recharge can be approximated by simple reservoir models for both leakage under a river and leakage under an irrigation district but with different delay-time and recession coefficient. A triple-reservoir model of relationship between surface water, vadose zone and groundwater is developed. It reproduces the in situ water table movement during 1989–2006 with variable streamflow of Heihe River and agricultural water utilization. The model is applied to interpret groundwater dynamics during 2007–2008 that observed in the Watershed Airborne Telemetry Experimental Research (WATER).
    Print ISSN: 1812-2108
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-2116
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 4
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    Parameterization of the coupling CO2 and H2O gas exchange model at the leaf scale of Populus euphratica tree (2009)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2009-10-26
    Description: The following two models were combined to predict simultaneously CO2 and H2O gas exchange at the leaf scale of Populus euphratica: a Farquhar et al. type biochemical sub-model of photosynthesis (Farquhar et al., 1980) and a Ball et al. type stomatal conductance sub-model (Ball et al., 1987). The photosynthesis parameters, Vcmax, Jmax, TPU, and Rd (maximum carboxylation rate allowed by ribulose 1·5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), rate of phosynthetic electron transport, triose phosphate use, and day respiration) at the measurement temperature were determined by using the genetic algorithm (GA) method based on A/Ci data sets. The stomatal conductance sub-model was calibrated independently. Prediction of net photosynthesis by the coupled model agreed well with the validation data, but the model tended to underestimate rates of transpiration. Overall, the combined model generally captured the diurnal patterns of CO2and H2O exchange resulting from variation in temperature and irradiation.
    Print ISSN: 1812-2108
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-2116
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 5
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    Improving the rainfall rate estimation in the midstream of the Heihe River Basin using rain drop size distribution (2009)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2009-09-24
    Description: During the intensive observation period of the Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research (WATER), a total of 1074 raindrop size distribution were measured by the Parsivel disdrometer, a latest state of the art optical laser instrument. Because of the limited observation data in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the modeling behavior was not well-done. We used raindrop size distributions to improve the rain rate estimator of meteorological radar, in order to obtain many accurate rain rate data in this area. We got the relationship between the terminal velocity of the rain drop and the diameter (mm) of a rain drop: v(D)=4.67 D0.53. Then four types of estimators for X-band polarimetric radar are examined. The simulation results show that the classical estimator R(Z) is most sensitive to variations in DSD and the estimator R (KDP, Z, ZDR) is the best estimator for estimating the rain rate. The lowest sensitivity of the rain rate estimator R (KDP, Z, ZDP) to variations in DSD can be explained by the following facts. The difference in the forward-scattering amplitudes at horizontal and vertical polarizations, which contributes KDP, is proportional to the 3rd power of the drop diameter. On the other hand, the exponent of the backscatter cross section, which contributes to Z, is proportional to the 6th power of the drop diameter. Because the rain rate R is proportional to the 3.57th power of the drop diameter, KDP is less sensitive to DSD variations than Z.
    Print ISSN: 1812-2108
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-2116
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 6
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    Connecting ecohydrology and hydropedology in desert shrubs: stemflow as a source of preferential flow in soils (2009)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2009-03-04
    Description: Ecohydrology and hydropedology are two emerging fields that are interconnected. In this study, we demonstrate stemflow hydrology and preferential water flow along roots in two desert shrubs (H. scoparium and S. psammophila) in the south fringe of Mu Us sandy land in North China. Stemflow generation and subsequent movement within soil-root system were investigated during the growing seasons from 2006 to 2008. The results indicated that the amount of stemflow in H. scoparium averaged 3.4% of incident gross rainfall with a range of 2.3–7.0%, and in S. psammophila stemflow averaged 6.3% with a range of 0.2–14.2%. Stemflow was produced from rainfall events more than 1 mm for both shrubs. The average funneling ratio (the ratio of rainfall amount delivered to the base of the tree to the rainfall that would have reached the ground should the tree were not present) was 77.8 and 48.7 for H. scoparium and S. psammophila, respectively, indicating that branches and stems were fully contributing to stemflow generation and thereby provided considerable amount of water to deep soil layer. Analysis of rhodamine-B dye distribution under the shrubs showed that stemflow entered the soil preferentially along root channels contributing to deep storage and that the depth of stemflow infiltrated increased with increasing incident rainfall amount. Distribution of soil water content under the shrubs with and without stemflow ascertained that stemflow was conducive to concentrate and store water in deep layers in the soil profiles, creating favorable soil water conditions for plant growth under arid conditions. Accordingly there is a clear linkage between aboveground ecohydrology and belowground hydropedology in the desert shrubs, whereby an increase in stemflow would result in an increase in soil hydrological heterogeneity.
    Print ISSN: 1812-2108
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-2116
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 7
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    MAX-DOAS measurements in southern China: 1. automated aerosol profile retrieval using oxygen dimers absorptions (2008)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-29
    Description: We performed MAX-DOAS measurements during the PRiDe-PRD2006 campaign in the Pearl River Delta region 50 km north of Guangzhou, China, for 4 weeks in June 2006. We used an instrument which simultaneously sampled the wavelength range from 292 nm to 443 nm at 7 different elevation angles between 3° and 90°. Here we show that the O4 (O2 dimer) absorption at 360 nm can be used to retrieve the aerosol extinction and the height of the boundary layer. A comparison with simultaneously recorded, ground based nephelometer data shows an excellent agreement.
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 8
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    Atmospheric OH reactivities in the Pearl River Delta – China in summer 2006: measurement and model results (2009)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2009-08-12
    Description: Total atmospheric OH reactivities (kOH) have been measured as reciprocal OH lifetimes by a newly developed instrument at a rural site in the densely populated Pearl River Delta (PRD) in Southern China in summer 2006. The deployed technique, LP-LIF, uses laser flash photolysis (LP) for artifical OH generation and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) to measure the time-dependent OH decay in samples of ambient air. The reactivities observed at PRD covered a range from 10 s−1 to 120 s−1, indicating a large load of chemical reactants. On average, kOH exhibited a pronounced diurnal profile with a mean maximum value of 50 s−1 at daybreak and a mean minimum value of 20 s−1 at noon. The reactivity was dominated by anthropogenic pollutants (e.g., CO, NOx, light alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons) at night, while it was strongly influenced by local, biogenic emissions of isoprene at day. The comparison of reactivities calculated from measured trace gases with measured kOH reveals a missing reactivity of about a factor of 2 at day and night. Box model calculations initialized by measured parameters reproduce the observed OH reactivity well and suggest that the missing reactivity is contributed by unmeasured, secondary chemistry products (mainly aldehydes and ketones) that were photochemically formed by hydrocarbon oxidation. Overall, kOH was dominated by organic compounds, which had a maxium contribution of 85% in the afternoon. The paper demonstrates the usefulness of direct reactivity measurements and emphasizes the need for direct measurements of oxygenated organic compounds in atmospheric chemistry studies.
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 9
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    Simulating radial diffusion of energetic (MeV) electrons through a model of fluctuating electric and magnetic fields (2006)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2006-10-20
    Description: In the present work, a test particle simulation is performed in a model of analytic Ultra Low Frequency, ULF, perturbations in the electric and magnetic fields of the Earth's magnetosphere. The goal of this work is to examine if the radial transport of energetic particles in quiet-time ULF magnetospheric perturbations of various azimuthal mode numbers can be described as a diffusive process and be approximated by theoretically derived radial diffusion coefficients. In the model realistic compressional electromagnetic field perturbations are constructed by a superposition of a large number of propagating electric and consistent magnetic pulses. The diffusion rates of the electrons under the effect of the fluctuating fields are calculated numerically through the test-particle simulation as a function of the radial coordinate L in a dipolar magnetosphere; these calculations are then compared to the symmetric, electromagnetic radial diffusion coefficients for compressional, poloidal perturbations in the Earth's magnetosphere. In the model the amplitude of the perturbation fields can be adjusted to represent realistic states of magnetospheric activity. Similarly, the azimuthal modulation of the fields can be adjusted to represent different azimuthal modes of fluctuations and the contribution to radial diffusion from each mode can be quantified. Two simulations of quiet-time magnetospheric variability are performed: in the first simulation, diffusion due to poloidal perturbations of mode number m=1 is calculated; in the second, the diffusion rates from multiple-mode (m=0 to m=8) perturbations are calculated. The numerical calculations of the diffusion coefficients derived from the particle orbits are found to agree with the corresponding theoretical estimates of the diffusion coefficient within a factor of two.
    Print ISSN: 0992-7689
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0576
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 10
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    Evolution of the dispersionless injection boundary associated with substorms (2005)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2005-03-30
    Description: One manifestation of energetic particle acceleration during magnetospheric substorms is the sudden appearance of particle injections into the inner magnetosphere, often observed near geosynchronous orbit. Injections that show simultaneous flux increases in all energy ranges of a detector are called dispersionless injections, and are most often observed in a narrow region around local midnight. In these events it is assumed that the satellite is located close to or inside the region where acceleration and/or transport processes are taking place, called the injection region. We present a study of the location, extent and temporal evolution of the injection region, based on simulation results of a model of the expansion of the electric and magnetic fields associated with a substorm. The model simulates the fields during a substorm onset with an electric field and consistent magnetic field pulse that propagates towards the Earth with a decreasing speed. Our simulation shows that the dispersionless injection boundary can be considered coincident with the leading edge of the pulse field, which transports particles toward the Earth across a certain range of local time. Under the same model field, the dispersionless injection boundary shifts eastward for electrons and westward for protons, consistent with the observation results deduced from statistical analysis of multiple spacecraft measurements.
    Print ISSN: 0992-7689
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0576
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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