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  • 1970-1974  (26)
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  • 1
    Call number: PIK W 511-10-0088
    In: Ecological studies
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part A Introduction ; 1 The Functional Significance of Forest Diversity: The Starting Point ; 2 An Introduction to the Functional Diversity of Temperate Forest Trees ; Part B Productivity and Growth ; 3 Diversity and Productivity in Forests: Evidence from Long-Term Experimental Plots ; 4 Confounding Factors in the Observed Productivity-Diversity Relationship in Forests ; 5 Genetic Diversity Parameters Associated with Viability Selection, Reproductive Efficiency and Growth in Forest Tree Species ; Part C Biogeochemical Cycles ; 6 Functioning of Mixed-species Stands: Evidence from a Long-Term Forest Experiment ; 7 The Role of Biodiversity on the Evaporation of Forests ; 8 Effects of Tree Species Diversity on Litter Quality and Decomposition ; 9 The Effect of Biodiversity on Carbon Storage in Soils ; 10 Silviculture and Its Interaction with Biodiversity and the Carbon Balance of Forest Soils ; Part D Animals, Pests, and Disturbances ; 11 Linkages Between Tree Diversity, Soil Faunaand Ecosystem Processes ; 12 A Test of the Biodiversity-Stability Theory: Meta-analysis of Tree Species Diversity Effects on Insect Pest Infestations, and Re-examination of Responsible Factors ; 13 Susceptibility to Fungal Pathogens of Forests Differing in Tree Diversity ; 14 Implication of Forest Diversity in Resistanceto Strong Winds ; 15 Fire Regime and Tree Diversity in Boreal Forests: Implications for the Carbon Cycle ; Part E Perspectives ; 16 The Design of Experimental Tree Plantationsfor Functional Biodiversity Research ; 17 The Functional Significance of Forest Diversity: A Synthesis ; Taxonomic Index (Genera)
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XXI, 399 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
    ISBN: 3540221913
    Series Statement: Ecological studies 176
    Branch Library: PIK Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of medicinal chemistry 16 (1973), S. 1340-1346 
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Carbon dioxide, energy flux measurements and methane chamber measurements were carried out in an arctic wet tussock grassland located on a flood plane of the Kolyma river in NE Siberia over a summer period of 155 days in 2002 and early 2003. Respiration was also measured in April 2004. The study region is characterized by late thaw of the top soil (mid of June) and periodic spring floods. A stagnant water table below the grass canopy is fed by thawing of the active layer of permafrost and by flood water. The climate is continental with average daily temperature in the warmest months of 13°C (maximum temperature at midday: 28°C by the end of July), dry air (maximum vapour pressure deficit at midday: 28 hPa) and low rainfall of 50 mm during summer (July–September). Summer evaporation (July–September: 103 mm) exceeded rainfall by a factor of 2. The daily average Bowen ratio (H/LE) was 0.62 during the growing season. Net ecosystem CO2 uptake reached 10 μmol m−2 s−1 and was related to photon flux density (PFD) and vapour pressure deficit (VPD). The cumulative annual net carbon flux from the atmosphere to the terrestrial surface was estimated to be about −38 g C m−2 yr−1 (negative flux depicts net carbon sink). Winter respiration was extrapolated using the Lloyd and Taylor function. The net carbon balance is composed of a high rate of assimilation in a short summer and a fairly large but uncertain respiration mainly during autumn and spring. Methane flux (about 12 g C m−2 measured over 60 days) was 25% of C uptake during the same period of time (end of July to end of September). Assuming that CH4 was emitted only in summer, and taking the greenhouse gas warming potential of CH4 vs. CO2 into account (factor 23), the study site was a greenhouse gas source (at least 200 g Cequivalent m−2 yr−1). Comparing different studies in wetlands and tundra ecosystems as related to latitude, we expect that global warming would rather increase than decrease the CO2-C sink.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 56 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Fires in boreal forests frequently convert organic matter in the organic layer to black carbon, but we know little of how changing fire frequency alters the amount, composition and distribution of black carbon and organic matter within soils, or affects podzolization. We compared black carbon and organic matter (organic carbon and nitrogen) in soils of three Siberian Scots pine forests with frequent, moderately frequent and infrequent fires.Black carbon did not significantly contribute to the storage of organic matter, most likely because it is consumed by intense fires. We found 99% of black carbon in the organic layer; maximum stocks were 72 g m−2. Less intense fires consumed only parts of the organic layer and converted some organic matter to black carbon (〉 5 g m−2), whereas more intense fires consumed almost the entire organic layer. In the upper 0.25 m of the mineral soil, black carbon stocks were 0.1 g m−2 in the infrequent fire regime.After fire, organic carbon and nitrogen in the organic layer accumulated with an estimated rate of 14.4 g C m−2 year−1 or 0.241 g N m−2 year−1. Maximum stocks 140 years after fire were 2190 g organic C m−2 and 40 g N m−2, with no differences among fire regimes. With increasing fire frequency, stocks of organic carbon increased from 600 to 1100 g m−2 (0–0.25 m). Stocks of nitrogen in the mineral soil were similar among the regimes (0.04 g m−2). We found that greater intensities of fire reduce amounts of organic matter in the organic layer but that the greater frequencies may slightly increase amounts in the mineral soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 437 (2005), S. 205-206 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Soils are major players in the carbon cycle — globally, they store the equivalent of about 300 times the amount of carbon now released annually through the burning of fossil fuels. It is generally assumed that most of the carbon locked up in soils is inert, and stays there. But as Bellamy et ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 8 (1972), S. 334-355 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während der Zeit stärkster Wasseranspannung, am Ende der Trockenzeit, wurde der Einfluß der Klimafaktoren auf Nettophotosynthese, Dunkelatmung und Transpiration von Pflanzen in der Negev-Wüste untersucht. Versuchsobjekte waren Wildpflanzen (Artemisia herba-alba, Hammada scoparia, Noaea mucronata, Reaumuria negevensis, Salsola inermis, Zygophyllum dumosum), Kulturpflanzen der Sturzwasserfarm Avdat (Prunus armeniaca, Vitis vinifera) und künstlich bewässerte Arten (Citrullus colocynthis, Datura metel). 1. Lichtsättigung der Nettophotosynthese findet entsprechend der ungehinderten Enstrahlung am Wüstenstandort zwischen 60 und 90 klx statt. 2. Bei Bezug auf das Trockengewicht der Assimilationsorgane übertreffen die maximalen apparenten Photosyntheseraten der mesomorphen, bewässerten Fflanzen die der Wildpflanzen um das Zehnfache. Im Vergleich zu den übrigen Arten erreichen die Wildpflanzen bei Bezug auf die Oberfläche demgenüber höhere Werte. Bezogen auf den gesamten Chlorophyllgehalt liegen die maximalraten der Nettophotosynthese von Salsola und Noaea in der gleichen Größenordnung wie die von Datura, Citrullus und Wein. Selbst Hammada erreicht höhere Werte als die Aprikose. Daraus wird die hohe Photosynthesefähigkeit der Wildpflanzen am Ende der Trockenzeit deutlich. 3. In Anpassung an die Standortstemperaturen liegt der obere Temperaturkompensationspunkt der Nettophotosynthese bei den Wildpflanzen ungewöhnlich hoch. Mit Werten über 49°C erreicht und überschreitet er die bisher für Blütenpflanzen bekannten Maxima. Hammada weist bei 37°C noch optimale Leistungsfähigkeit auf, und bei einer Temperatur der Assimilationsorgane von 49°C ist die Photosyntheserate erst zu 50% gemindert. 4. Die Blattemperatur beeinflußt den Gaswechsel der Pflanzen auch durch Einwirkung auf den Spaltöffnungszustand. Temperatursenkung führt zu Verminderung, Temperaturerhöhung zu Steigerung des internen Diffusionswiderstandes der Blätter für Wasserdampf. Die Mittagsdepression von Nettophotosynthese und Transpiration der Wüstenpflanzen kann daher auf einer temperaturgesteuerten Spaltöffnungsreaktion beruhen. Es wird diskutiert, inwieweit auch die bei erhöhter Temperatur gleichzeitig vergrößerte Wasserdampfdruckdifferenz zwischen Blattmesophyll und Umgebungsluft auf dem Wege über die peristomatäre Transpiration Spaltöffnungsregelungen bedingen kann. 5. Erhöhung der Temperatur bis in die Nähe der Hitzeresistenzgrenze führt zur Verringerung des Diffusionswiderstandes gegen Wasserdampf, also zu einer Öffnungsreaktion der Stomata. Das verursacht verstärkte Transpirationskühlung. 6. Bei zunehmender Wasseranspannung in den Blättern kann der Diffusions-widerstand für Wasserdampf in Form einer Schwellenreaktion durch Spaltenschluß plötzlich steigen, oder es kommt zur einem kontinuierlichen Anstieg, der mit allmählicher Abnahme von Transpiration und Nettophotosynthese verbunden ist. 7. Bei vielen Pflanzen zeigt sich im Tageslauf eine Zunahme des Diffusions-widerstandes für Wasserdampf, der eine Abnahme der Transpirationsrate, aber keine Depression der Nettophotosynthese entspricht. Der Quotient zwischen CO2-Aufnahme und Wasserabgabe wird im Laufe des Tages also günstiger. Es wird erwogen, ob dieses für Wüstenpflanzen vorteilhafte Reaktionsvermögen auf einer Erhöhung des Mesophyllwiderstandes für den Transpirationsstrom beruhen kann.
    Notes: Summary The influence of climatic factors on net photosynthesis, dark respiration and transpiration was investigated in the Negev Desert at the end of the dry summer period when plant water stress was at a maximum. Species studied included: dominant species of the natural vegetation (Artemisia herba-alba, Hammada scoparia, Noaea mucronata, Reaumuria negevensis, Salsola inermis, Zygophyllum dumosum), cultivated plants receiving rainfall and run-off water during the winter season in the run-off farm Avdat (Prunus armeniaca, Vitis vinifera), and irrigated cultivated plants receiving additional water during the summer season (Citrullus colocynthis, Datura metel). 1. Light saturation of net photosynthesis was reached at 60–90 klx conforming to the high solar radiation intensities of the desert. 2. Maximum rates of CO2 uptake per unit of dry weight for the irrigated mesomorphic plants was ten times that of the wild plants. However, in comparison to the other species, maximal rates of CO2 uptake for wild plants were higher when calculated on a leaf area basis than when represented on a dry weight basis. Maximum rates of net photosynthesis per unit chlorophyll content for some of the wild plants (Salsola and Noaea) were comparable to those of the cultivated Vitis and irrigated Citrullus and Datura, Hammada exhibited even higher rates than Prunus. This demonstrates the great photosynthetic capacity of the wild plants even at the end of the dry season. 3. The upper temperature compensation point for net photosynthesis of the wild plants was unusually high as an adaptation to the temperatures of the habitat. Compensation points higher than 49°C exceed the maxima known so far for other flowering species. Maximum rates of net photosynthesis of Hammada were measured when the temperature of the photosynthetic organs was 37°C; at 49°C photosynthesis was only reduced by 50%. 4. Leaf temperature affects plant gas exchange by influencing stomatal aperture. Diffusion resistance of leaves to water vapour was reduced at low temperatures and increased at high temperatures. Reduction of net photosynthesis and transpiration of desert plants at midday may, therefore, be the result of temperature-induced stomatal closure. The possible influence of peristomatal transpiration on stomatal aperture is also discussed. Peristomatal transpiration is directly related to the vapour pressure gradient between the leaf mesophyll and the ambient air which increases with increasing temperatures. 5. Diffusion resistance to water vapour was reduced at high temperatures approaching the limits of heat resistance, due to increased stomatal aperture. This resulted in greater transpirational cooling. 6. Under conditions of increased leaf water stress, diffusion resistance increased, either by sudden stomatal closure at specific threshold values of water stress or through a continuous increase in resistance. This increased resistance is coupled with decreases in transpiration and photosynthesis. 7. In several plant species increased diffusion resistance during the course of the day caused decreased transpiration without a corresponding decrease in photosynthesis. Under these conditions, the ratio of CO2 uptake to transpiration became more favourable as the day progressed. The possibility that this favourable gas exchange response is the result of an increased mesophyll resistance to water vapour loss is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 8 (1971), S. 296-309 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Carbon dioxide exchange and transpiration measurements of various wild and cultivated plants were carried out during the dry summer period in 1967 in the Central Negev Desert (Israel). A mobile laboratory used for these investigations is described. Measurements were carried out with conditioned plant chambers which followed either the ambient temperature and humidity or else allowed the experiments to be carried out under constant conditions. The accuracy of the measurements was estimated. The mean error of the determination of the CO2 exchange rate amounts to ±0.07 mg CO2·g-1·h-1. Transpiration rate is measured with an error of ±0.15 g H2O·g-1·h-1. The response time of the instrumentation to reach 90% equilibrium after a change in photosynthesis or transpiration is 7 to 9 minutes. Errors which are caused by changes of quality of incident radiant energy and altered turbulence conditions for the leaves enclosed in the chamber, are discussed.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Temperature dependence of net photosynthesis under conditions of light saturation and maximum air humidity was measured throughout the season in the Central Negev Desert (Israel). Experimental plants were the wild growing Hammada scoparia and Prunus armeniaca cultivated in the runoff farm of Avdat. The optimum temperature for net photosynthesis and the upper temperature compensation point of CO2 exchange showed a characteristic seasonal variation with low values in spring and fall and high values in mid-summer. This shift was exhibited by plants growing under conditions of normal soil-water stress as well as by irrigated plants. There was no general correlation between the changes in temperature dependence of net photosynthesis of the plants, their maximum photosynthetic capacity under the experimental conditions, their daily photosynthesis maximum under natural conditions, and their rate of dark respiration. The seasonal shift of the photosynthetic response to temperature cannot be explained by changes in the temperature sensitivity of the stomata. It may be caused by seasonal changes of biochemical and/or biophysical properties. A number of observations made on other wild plants also showed, in all cases, seasonal shifts of the upper temperature compensation point, with an amplitude of 6.0°C–13.7°C.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Experiments with Prunus armeniaca were carried out under conditions of constant temperature but varying air humidity. Experiments were also contucted with a constant water vapor difference between the evaporating sites in a leaf and the air, but with varying leaf temperature. These served as a basis for predicting the daily course of total diffusion resistance under the natural climatic conditions of a desert. For the simulation, the rsults of the experiments at constant conditions with only one variable factor are fitted with empirical equations which serve as “calibration curves” to predict the change in diffusion resistance caused by a change in humidity and temperature calculated from the meteorological data of a desert day. The simulation shows that for P. armeniaca humidity and temperature are the dominating factors in controlling the daily course of diffusion resistance. For meteorologically very different days the simulation allows the increase in diffusion resistance in the morning to be predicted with an accuracy of 90%–105% as compared to directly observed measurements. In the afternoon, especially after extreme climatic conditions during the morning, the deviation between predicted and observed values of diffusion resistance may be greater, but not more than -20% to -30%. This possibly indicates the existence of an additional factor of significance which was not included in the simulation. The two peaked curves of net photosynthesis and transpiration characteristic of plants living under arid conditions can be explained in this species by the humidity-and temperature-controlled stomatal response. This stomatal regulation leads to a decreasing total daily transpirational water loss on a dry day as compared to a moist one. The significance of this controlling mechanism for the primary production and the water relations of P. armeniaca is discussed.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A digital registration system used with temperature- and humidity-controlled cuvettes for net photosynthesis and transpiration measurements in the field is described. The associated errors of the measured parameters and calculated data are estimated. The digitalization is based on an analogue registration which is of primary importance in the control of experimental conditions in the cuvettes. The digital system is connected to the analogue registration in series. The error associated with digitalization is 0.1% across 70% of the scale. This error increases to 0.2% between 3 and 30% on the scale due to a minor lack of linearity. The reproducibility of the digitalization is ±0.024%. The error associated with data transfer in the digitalization and the errors of the analogue registration are estimated for temperature and humidity measurements (error of air and leaf temperature is ±0.1° C; error of the dew point temperature is ±1.1° C dew point). The effect of these errors on the calculation of relative humidity and the water vapour difference between the leaf and the air is determined using the progressive error law. At 30° C and 50% relative humidity, the error in relative humidity is ±7.4%, the error for the water vapour difference is ±6.6%. The dependence of these errors on temperature and humidity is shown. The instrument error of the net photosynthesis measurement is calculated to be ±4.2%. Transpiration measurements have an average inaccuracy of ±8.3%. The total diffusion resistance which is calculated from values of transpiration and the water vapour difference has an average error of ±10.9%. The sizeable influence of errors in humidity and temperature measurements on the calculated diffusion resistance is demonstrated. The additional influence of biological errors associated with field measurements is discussed.
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