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  • 1
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    Pollution policy [Environmental Sciences] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-16
    Description: In Europe and, increasingly, the rest of the world, the key policy tool for the control of air pollution is the critical load, a level of pollution below which there are no known significant harmful effects on the environment. Critical loads are used to map sensitive regions and habitats, permit...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Why imatinib remains an exception of cancer research (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-09-28
    Description: The archetype driving the drug targeting approach to cancer therapy is the success of imatinib against chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML-CP). Molecular targeting success of this magnitude has yet to be repeated for most solid tumors. To answer why imatinib remains an exception of cancer research, we summarize key features and patterns of evolution that contrast CML-CP from prostate cancer, an example of a solid tumor that also shares a signature fusion gene. Distinctive properties of CML-CP include: a large cell population size that is not geographically constrained, a highly penetrant dominant oncogene that sweeps the entire cell population, subsequent progressive and ordered clonal genetic changes, and the effectiveness of molecular targeting within the chronic phase, which is comparable to the benign phase of solid tumors. CML-CP progression resembles a clonal, stepwise model of evolution, whereas the pattern of solid tumor evolution is highly dynamic and stochastic. The distinguishing features and evolutionary pattern of CML-CP support why the success of imatinib does not carry over to most solid tumors. Changing the focus of cancer research from a gene-based view to a genome-based concept will provide insight into solid tumor evolutionary dynamics. J. Cell. Physiol. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-4652
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 3
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    Controls on precipitation and cloudiness in simulations of trade-wind cumulus as observed during RICO (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-19
    Description: Twelve large-eddy simulations, with a wide range of microphysical representations, are compared to each other and to independent measurements. The measurements and the initial and forcing data for the simulations are taken from the undisturbed period of the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) field study. A regional downscaling of meteorological analyses is performed so as to provide forcing data consistent with the measurements. The ensemble average of the simulations plausibly reproduces many features of the observed clouds, including the vertical structure of cloud fraction, profiles of cloud and rain water, and to a lesser degree the population density of rain drops. The simulations do show considerable departures from one another in the representation of the cloud microphysical structure and the ensuant surface precipitation rates, increasingly so for the more simplified microphysical models. There is a robust tendency for simulations that develop rain to produce a shallower, somewhat more stable cloud layer. Relations between cloud cover and precipitation are ambiguous.
    Electronic ISSN: 1942-2466
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    On the connection between tropical circulation, convective mixing, and climate sensitivity (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-06
    Description: The connection between the large-scale tropical circulation of the atmosphere, convective mixing, and climate sensitivity is explored in a wide range of climates through a perturbed-parameter ensemble of a comprehensive Earth-System Model. Four parameters related to the representation of atmospheric moist convection are found to dominate the response of the model. Their values govern the strength of the tropical circulation, the surface temperature, atmospheric humidity, and the strength of the tropical overturning circulation, largely through their influence on the atmospheric stability. The same convective parameters, albeit in different combinations, also have a strong influence on the equilibrium climate sensitivity of the model, which ranges from a little over 3 ∘ C to more than 10 ∘ C. The importance of the most poorly represented processes in determining important aspects of the behavior of the model argues for the need to move beyond statistical approaches to estimating climate sensitivity and focusing on the development of a better understanding and representation of convective mixing, particularly in the tropics.
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-870X
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 5
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    The distribution and variability of low-level cloud in the North-Atlantic trades (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-29
    Description: In the North Atlantic trades variations in the distribution of low-level cloud are rich. Using two-years of observations from a remote sensing site located on the eastward coast of Barbados, the vertical distribution of cloud and its contribution to low-level cloud amount are explored. The vertical distribution of first detected cloud base heights is marked by a strong peak near the lifting condensation level (LCL) from passive optically thin shallow cumuli. Cloud with a base near this level dominates the total cloud cover with a contribution of about two-thirds. The other one-third comes from cloud with its cloud base further aloft at heights 〉 1 km, such as cumulus edges or stratiform cloud below the trade inversion. Cloud found aloft, regardless of where its base is located, contains more variance, in particular near the inversion and on timescales longer than a day. In turn, cloud near the LCL is surprisingly invariant on longer time scales, although consistent with existing theories. Because this component does not systematically vary, changes in cloud cover in response to changes in meteorology or climate may be limited to changes in its contribution from cloud aloft.
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-870X
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 6
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    Aerosols: Uncertain then, irrelevant now (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stevens, Bjorn -- England -- Nature. 2013 Nov 7;503(7474):47-8. doi: 10.1038/503047a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, KlimaCampus, Hamburg 20146, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24201277" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols/*analysis ; *Climate ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Uncertainty
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 7
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    Climate science: The aerosol effect (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2012-10-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stevens, Bjorn -- Boucher, Olivier -- England -- Nature. 2012 Oct 4;490(7418):40-1. doi: 10.1038/490040a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23038459" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols/*adverse effects/analysis ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/chemistry ; *Climate ; *Climate Change/statistics & numerical data ; *Models, Theoretical ; *Uncertainty
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 8
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    Neuroscience. How many cell types does it take to wire a brain? (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ransohoff, Richard M -- Stevens, Beth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 9;333(6048):1391-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1212112.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Neuroinflammation Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. ransohr@ccf.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903801" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Brain/*growth & development/physiology ; Chemokine CX3CL1/metabolism ; Dendritic Spines/physiology/ultrastructure ; Hippocampus/*growth & development/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Microglia/*physiology ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Receptors, Cytokine/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, HIV/genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Synapses/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Climate change. What are climate models missing? (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stevens, Bjorn -- Bony, Sandrine -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 31;340(6136):1053-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1237554.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg Germany. bjorn.stevens@mpimet.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23723223" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Air Movements ; *Atmosphere ; *Climate Change ; Earth (Planet) ; Global Warming ; *Models, Theoretical ; Rain ; Uncertainty
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Climate and climate change in a radiative-convective equilibrium version of ECHAM6 (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-18
    Description: ABSTRACT A radiative-convective equilibrium configuration of a comprehensive atmospheric general circulation model, ECHAM6, is coupled to a mixed-layer ocean for the purpose of advancing understanding of climate and climate change. This configuration differs from a standard configuration only through the removal of land-surface processes, spatial gradients in solar insolation, and the effects of rotation. Nonetheless, the model produces a climate that resembles the tropical climate in a control simulation of Earth's atmosphere. In the radiative-convective equilibrium (RCE) configuration regional inhomogeneities in surface temperature develop. These inhomogeneities are transient in time, but sufficiently long lived to establish large-scale overturning circulations with a distribution similar to the pre-industrial tropics in the standard configuration. The vertical structure of the atmosphere, including profiles of clouds and condensate conditioned on the strength of overturning, also resemble those produced by a control simulation of Earth's tropical atmosphere. The equilibrium climate sensitivity of the RCE atmosphere can explain 50% of the global climate sensitivity of a realistic configuration of ECHAM6. Part of the difference is attributed to the lack of polar amplification in RCE. The remainder appears to be related to a less positive cloud shortwave feedback, which results from an increase in low cloudiness with increasing surface temperatures in the RCE configuration. The RCE configuration shows an increase of climate sensitivity in a warmer climate. The increase in climate sensitivity scales with the degree to which the upper-troposphere temperature departs from a moist adiabat.
    Electronic ISSN: 1942-2466
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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