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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 29 (1978), S. 34-41 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Behaviour of powder coatings on metallic surfacesThe potential applications for powder coatings are steadily increasing. The type of powder coating which may be used depends, among others, from the type of substrate. The behaviour of powder coatings has been studied on degreased steel, phosphate coated steel, hot dip galvanized steel, steel with an electrolytic zinc coating and aluminium. The test methods included the salt spray test (ASTM B-117-61), the alternating condensation test in humid atmosphere (DIN 50 018), the general behaviour in the open air and determination of the technological film properties. The powder coating materials included materials based on epoxy resins, polyester resins (with carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, crosslinked with epoxy and amino resins and polyglycidyl compounds, in particular anhydrides), further polyurethane and acrylic resins. It has been shown that in particular carboxylic polyesters with polyglycidyl compounds and hydroxylic polyesters cross-linked with anhydrides have the greatest potential while the outlook for polyurethanes seems restricted because of considerable quantities of caprolactam being liberated. Acrylate powders, on the other hand, are generally not up to the German quality requirements. Epoxy powders containing major proportions of epoxy resins will probably be used only in those cases where chalking and yellowing resistance of the coatings is not imperative, or when corrosion resistance is the major requirement.
    Notizen: Die Anwendungsgebiete der Pulverlacke nehmen ständig zu. Welche Art Pulverlacke für welche zukünftigen Bereiche erfolgreich eingesetzt werden können, hängt u. a. von der Art des Substrates ab. Untersucht wurde das Verhalten der Pulverlacke auf entfettetem Stahl, phosphatiertem Stahl, feuerverzinktem Stahl, galvanisch verzinktem Stahl und Aluminium. Die Prüfmedien waren der Salzsprühtest nach ASTM B-117-61, der Schwitzwasserwechselklimatest nach DIN 50018, die allgemeine Außenbeständigkeit und die technologischen Filmeigenschaften. An Pulverlacken standen Materialien auf Basis von Epoxidharzen, Polyesterharzen (carboxyl-sowie hydroxylhaltige) vernetzt mit Epoxidharzen, Aminolharzen, Polyglycidylverbindungen, spez. Anhydride, ferner Polyurethan- und Acrylharze zur Verfügung. Es zeigte sich, daß besonders die carboxylhaltigen Polyester mit Polyglycidylverbindungen, ferner hydroxylhaltige Polyester mit Anhydriden vernetzt, die größten Anwendungsbreiten besitzen, während Polyurethanpulver aufgrund größerer Mengen freiwerdender Verkappungsmittel geringere Chancen eingeräumt werden müssen. Acrylatpulver erreichen heute insgesamt noch nicht die deutschen Qualitätsansprüche. Epoxidpulver oder Pulver mit höheren Anteilen an Epoxidharzen dürften in nächster Zeit nur noch dort anzufinden sein, wo es nicht auf kreidungs- und vergilbungsresistente Filme ankommt, oder sogar nur dort, wo ein chemikalienfester Film verlangt wird.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-19
    Print ISSN: 1350-9047
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-5403
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-09-20
    Beschreibung: Remote sensing measurements from the Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescope for the Atmosphere – New Frontiers (CRISTA-NF) during a flight on 29 July 2006 are presented. This flight is part of the AMMA-SCOUT-O3 measurement campaign, where CRISTA-NF was deployed on the high-flying research aircraft M55-Geophysica. The flight path was located over Italy and the Mediterranean Sea and crossed over the subtropical jet twice. Measurements of temperature, and the volume mixing ratios of water vapor (H2O), ozone (O3), nitric acid (HNO3) and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) are available with a vertical resolution of up to 500 m between about 6 to 21 km altitude. CRISTA-NF observes these trace gases simultaneously and provides a quasi-2-D view of the transition region between the troposphere and the stratosphere. The observation of these different trace gases allows to determine tropospheric and stratospheric air masses. As expected, higher abundances are found where the main source of the trace gases is located: in the stratosphere for O3 and in the troposphere for H2O and PAN. Tracer-tracer correlations between O3 and PAN are used to identify the mixed tropospheric and lowermost stratospheric air at the subtropical jet and around the thermal tropopause north of the jet. An intrusion of stratospheric air into the troposphere associated with the subtropical jet is found in the CRISTA-NF observations. The observations indicate that the intrusion is connected to a tropopause fold which is not resolved in the ECMWF analysis data. The intrusion was reproduced in a simulation with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). The CLaMS simulation shows, that the lowermost stratospheric air masses in the intrusion where transported along the the subtropical jet. The tropospheric air masses around the intrusion originate from the vicinity of the Asian monsoon anticyclone. This work discusses the nature of the observed processes at the subtropical jet based on the CRISTA-NF observations and the CLaMS simulation.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Digitale ISSN: 1680-7324
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Copernicus im Namen von European Geosciences Union.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Publikationsdatum: 2013-10-31
    Beschreibung: This paper presents a set of observations and analyses of trace gas cross sections in the extratropical upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS). The spatially highly resolved (≈0.5 km vertically and 12.5 km horizontally) cross sections of ozone (O3), nitric acid (HNO3), and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), retrieved from the measurements of the CRISTA-NF infrared limb sounder flown on the Russian M55-Geophysica, revealed intricate layer structures in the region of the subtropical tropopause break. The chemical structure in this region shows an intertwined stratosphere and troposphere. The observed filaments in all discussed trace gases are of a spatial scale of less than 0.8 km vertically and about 200 km horizontally across the jet stream. Backward trajectory calculations confirm that the observed filaments are the result of a breaking Rossby wave in the preceding days. An analysis of the trace gas relationships between PAN and O3 identifies four distinct groups of air mass: polluted subtropical tropospheric air, clean tropical upper-tropospheric air, the lowermost stratospheric air, and air from the deep stratosphere. The tracer relationships further allow the identification of tropospheric, stratospheric, and the transitional air mass made of a mixture of UT and LS air. Mapping of these air mass types onto the geo-spatial location in the cross sections reveals a highly structured extratropical transition layer (ExTL). Finally, the ratio between the measured reactive nitrogen species (HNO3 + PAN + ClONO2) and O3 is analysed to estimate the influence of tropospheric pollution on the extratropical UTLS. In combination, these diagnostics provide the first example of a multi-species two-dimensional picture of the inhomogeneous distribution of chemical species within the UTLS region. Since Rossby wave breaking occurs frequently in the region of the tropopause break, these observed fine-scale filaments are likely ubiquitous in the region. The implications of the layered structure for chemistry and radiation need to be examined, and the representation of this structure in chemistry-climate models is discussed.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Digitale ISSN: 1680-7324
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Copernicus im Namen von European Geosciences Union.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
  • 6
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-31
    Beschreibung: Stratospheric water vapour is a powerful greenhouse gas. The longest available record from balloon observations over Boulder, Colorado, USA shows increases in stratospheric water vapour concentrations that cannot be fully explained by observed changes in the main drivers, tropical tropopause temperatures and methane. Satellite observations could help resolve the issue, but constructing a reliable long-term data record from individual short satellite records is challenging. Here we present an approach to merge satellite data sets with the help of a chemistry-climate model nudged to observed meteorology. We use the models' water vapour as a transfer function between data sets that overcomes issues arising from instrument drift and short overlap periods. In the lower stratosphere, our water vapour record extends back to 1988 and water vapour concentrations largely follow tropical tropopause temperatures. Lower and mid-stratospheric long-term trends are negative, and the trends from Boulder are shown not to be globally representative. In the upper stratosphere, our record extends back to 1986 and shows positive long-term trends. The altitudinal differences in the trends are explained by methane oxidation together with a strengthened lower-stratospheric and a weakened upper-stratospheric circulation inferred by this analysis. Our results call into question previous estimates of surface radiative forcing based on presumed global long-term increases in water vapour concentrations in the lower stratosphere. © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1752-0894
    Digitale ISSN: 1752-0908
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-03-20
    Beschreibung: Remote sensing measurements from the Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescope for the Atmosphere – New Frontiers (CRISTA-NF) during a flight on 29 July 2006 are presented. This flight is part of the AMMA-SCOUT-O3 measurement campaign, where CRISTA-NF was deployed on the high-flying research aircraft M55-Geophysica. The flight path was located over Italy and the Mediterranean Sea and crossed over the subtropical jet twice. Measurements of temperature, and the volume mixing ratios of water vapor (H2O), ozone (O3), nitric acid (HNO3) and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) are available with a vertical resolution of up to 500 m between about 6 to 21 km altitude. CRISTA-NF observes these trace gases simultaneously and provides a quasi-2D view of the transition region between the troposphere and the stratosphere. The observation of these different trace gases allows to determine the origin of air masses in the stratosphere or troposphere. As expected, higher abundances are found where the main source of the trace gases is located: in the stratosphere for O3 and in the troposphere for H2O and PAN. Tracer-tracer correlations between O3 and PAN are used to identify mixed tropospheric and lowermost stratospheric air at the subtropical jet and around the thermal tropopause north of the jet. An intrusion of stratospheric air into the troposphere associated with the subtropical jet is found in the CRISTA-NF observations. The observations indicate that the intrusion is connected to a tropopause fold which is not resolved in the ECMWF analysis data. The intrusion was reproduced in a simulation with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). This work discusses the nature of the observed processes at the subtropical jet based on the CRISTA-NF observations and the CLaMS simulation.
    Digitale ISSN: 1680-7375
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Copernicus im Namen von European Geosciences Union.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Publikationsdatum: 2013-02-21
    Beschreibung: This paper presents a set of observations and analyses of trace gas cross-sections in the extratropical upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS). The spatially highly-resolved (≈0.5 km vertically and 12.5 km horizontally) cross-sections of ozone (O3), nitric acid (HNO3), and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), retrieved from the measurements of the CRISTA-NF infrared limb sounder flown on the Russian M55-Geophysica, revealed intricate layer structures in the region of the subtropical tropopause break. The chemical structure in this region shows an intertwined stratosphere and troposphere. The observed filaments in all discussed trace gases are of a spatial scale of less than 0.8 km vertically and about 200 km horizontally across the jet-stream. Backward trajectory calculations confirm that the observed filaments are the result of a breaking Rossby wave in the preceding days. An analysis of the trace gas relationships between PAN and O3 identifies four distinct groups of air mass: polluted subtropical tropospheric air, clean tropical upper-tropospheric air, the lowermost stratospheric air, and air from the deep stratosphere. The tracer relationships further allow the identification of tropospheric, stratospheric, and the transitional air mass made of a mixture of UT and LS air. Mapping of these air mass types onto the geo-spatial location in the cross-sections reveals a highly structured extratropical transition layer (ExTL). Finally, the ratio between the measured reactive nitrogen species (HNO3 + PAN + ClONO2) and O3 is analysed to estimate the influence of tropospheric pollution on the extratropical UTLS. In combination, these diagnostics provide the first example of a multi-species two-dimensional picture of a chemically inhomogeneous UTLS region. Since Rossby wave breaking occurs frequently in the region of the tropopause break, these observed fine scale filaments are likely ubiquitous in the region. The implications of the layered structure for chemistry and radiation need to be examined, and the representation of this structure in chemistry-climate models is discussed.
    Digitale ISSN: 1680-7375
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Copernicus im Namen von European Geosciences Union.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Publikationsdatum: 2010-03-09
    Beschreibung: The Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere – New Frontiers (CRISTA-NF) instrument successfully participated in the AMMA-SCOUT-O3 measurement campaign in July and August 2006. The instrument is mounted on the high-flying Russian research aircraft M55-Geophysica and measures limb-emissions in the mid-infrared region in the altitude range of about 6 to 21 km. We present a new retrieval scheme that was developed to obtain atmospheric temperature and trace gas fields with high vertical resolution (up to 500 m). Retrieval results are shown for temperature, water vapor (H2O), ozone (O3), nitric acid (HNO3), peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and aerosol extinction. Comparisons of temperature, O3, and H2O observations with corresponding in situ measurements on-board M55-Geophysica show reasonable agreement. In particular, CRISTA-NF observations in the vicinity of the aircraft resemble horizontal variations found in the in situ measurements better than corresponding ECMWF fields.
    Digitale ISSN: 1867-8610
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Copernicus im Namen von European Geosciences Union.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Publikationsdatum: 2010-09-08
    Beschreibung: This study describes the retrieval of water vapor vertical distributions in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) altitude range from space-borne observations of the scattered solar light made in limb viewing geometry and presents first results using measurements from SCIAMACHY. In the previous publications, the retrieval of water vapor vertical distributions has been achieved exploiting either the emitted radiance leaving the atmosphere or the transmitted solar radiation. In this study the scattered solar radiation is used as a new source of information on the water vapor content in the UTLS region. A recently developed retrieval algorithm utilizes the differential absorption structure of the water vapor in 1353–1410 nm spectral range and yields the water vapor content in 11–25 km altitude range. In this study the retrieval algorithm is successfully applied to SCIAMACHY limb measurements and the resulting water vapor profiles are compared to in situ balloon-borne observations. The results from both satellite and balloon-borne instruments are found to agree typically within 20%.
    Digitale ISSN: 1867-8610
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Copernicus im Namen von European Geosciences Union.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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