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  • 1
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    Downward bias in heritability estimates is real [Biological Sciences] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-07
    Description: The use of restricted maximum likelihood (REML) to estimate the heritability explained by common SNPs in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of quantitative traits was proposed by Yang et al. (1) and implemented in the widely used GCTA software. Lee et al. (reference 2 in ref. 2) tries to extend...
    Keywords: Letters
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Whole-genome sequencing reveals activation-induced cytidine deaminase signatures during indolent chronic lymphocytic leukaemia evolution (2015)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-09
    Description: Article The oncogenic events driving indolent chronic lymphocytic leukaemia are relatively unknown. Here, the authors perform whole genome sequencing on 30 such tumours and identify recurrent mutations in IGLL5 and two activation induced cytidine deaminase signatures that are operative at different stages of CLL evolution. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms9866 Authors: S. Kasar, J. Kim, R. Improgo, G. Tiao, P. Polak, N. Haradhvala, M. S. Lawrence, A. Kiezun, S. M. Fernandes, S. Bahl, C. Sougnez, S. Gabriel, E. S. Lander, H. T. Kim, G. Getz, J. R. Brown
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 3
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    Identification and characterization of essential genes in the human genome (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-17
    Description: Large-scale genetic analysis of lethal phenotypes has elucidated the molecular underpinnings of many biological processes. Using the bacterial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system, we constructed a genome-wide single-guide RNA library to screen for genes required for proliferation and survival in a human cancer cell line. Our screen revealed the set of cell-essential genes, which was validated with an orthogonal gene-trap-based screen and comparison with yeast gene knockouts. This set is enriched for genes that encode components of fundamental pathways, are expressed at high levels, and contain few inactivating polymorphisms in the human population. We also uncovered a large group of uncharacterized genes involved in RNA processing, a number of whose products localize to the nucleolus. Last, screens in additional cell lines showed a high degree of overlap in gene essentiality but also revealed differences specific to each cell line and cancer type that reflect the developmental origin, oncogenic drivers, paralogous gene expression pattern, and chromosomal structure of each line. These results demonstrate the power of CRISPR-based screens and suggest a general strategy for identifying liabilities in cancer cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4662922/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4662922/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Tim -- Birsoy, Kivanc -- Hughes, Nicholas W -- Krupczak, Kevin M -- Post, Yorick -- Wei, Jenny J -- Lander, Eric S -- Sabatini, David M -- 2U54HG003067-10/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- CA103866/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- F31 CA189437/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA014051/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA103866/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007287/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Nov 27;350(6264):1096-101. doi: 10.1126/science.aac7041. Epub 2015 Oct 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA 02139, USA. Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. ; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. ; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. ; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA 02139, USA. Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. ; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA 02139, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. lander@broadinstitute.org sabatini@wi.mit.edu. ; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA 02139, USA. Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. lander@broadinstitute.org sabatini@wi.mit.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472758" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Nucleolus/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Knockout Techniques ; *Genes, Essential ; Genetic Testing/*methods ; Genome, Human/*genetics ; Genomic Library ; Humans ; Neoplasms/genetics ; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional/genetics ; RNA, Guide/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Mutations driving CLL and their evolution in progression and relapse (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-16
    Description: Which genetic alterations drive tumorigenesis and how they evolve over the course of disease and therapy are central questions in cancer biology. Here we identify 44 recurrently mutated genes and 11 recurrent somatic copy number variations through whole-exome sequencing of 538 chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and matched germline DNA samples, 278 of which were collected in a prospective clinical trial. These include previously unrecognized putative cancer drivers (RPS15, IKZF3), and collectively identify RNA processing and export, MYC activity, and MAPK signalling as central pathways involved in CLL. Clonality analysis of this large data set further enabled reconstruction of temporal relationships between driver events. Direct comparison between matched pre-treatment and relapse samples from 59 patients demonstrated highly frequent clonal evolution. Thus, large sequencing data sets of clinically informative samples enable the discovery of novel genes associated with cancer, the network of relationships between the driver events, and their impact on disease relapse and clinical outcome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Landau, Dan A -- Tausch, Eugen -- Taylor-Weiner, Amaro N -- Stewart, Chip -- Reiter, Johannes G -- Bahlo, Jasmin -- Kluth, Sandra -- Bozic, Ivana -- Lawrence, Mike -- Bottcher, Sebastian -- Carter, Scott L -- Cibulskis, Kristian -- Mertens, Daniel -- Sougnez, Carrie L -- Rosenberg, Mara -- Hess, Julian M -- Edelmann, Jennifer -- Kless, Sabrina -- Kneba, Michael -- Ritgen, Matthias -- Fink, Anna -- Fischer, Kirsten -- Gabriel, Stacey -- Lander, Eric S -- Nowak, Martin A -- Dohner, Hartmut -- Hallek, Michael -- Neuberg, Donna -- Getz, Gad -- Stilgenbauer, Stephan -- Wu, Catherine J -- 1K01ES025431-01/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- 1R01CA182461-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- 1R01CA184922-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- 1U10CA180861-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K01 ES025431/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL116452/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U10 CA180861/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U54HG003067/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Oct 22;526(7574):525-30. doi: 10.1038/nature15395. Epub 2015 Oct 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany. ; IST Austria (Institute of Science and Technology Austria), Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria. ; Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge 02138, Massachusetts, USA. ; Department I of Internal Medicine and Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne Bonn, University Hospital, Cologne 50937, Germany. ; Department of Mathematics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ; Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany. ; Joint Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Mechanisms of Leukemogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69121, Germany. ; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ; Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne 50931, Germany. ; Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26466571" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics ; Clone Cells/metabolism/pathology ; DNA Copy Number Variations/genetics ; *Disease Progression ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Exome/genetics ; Genes, myc/genetics ; Humans ; Ikaros Transcription Factor/genetics ; Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis/*genetics/pathology/therapy ; MAP Kinase Signaling System/genetics ; Mutation/*genetics ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/*genetics ; Prognosis ; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional/genetics ; RNA Transport/genetics ; Ribosomal Proteins/genetics ; Treatment Outcome
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
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    The Xist lncRNA interacts directly with SHARP to silence transcription through HDAC3 (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-29
    Description: Many long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) affect gene expression, but the mechanisms by which they act are still largely unknown. One of the best-studied lncRNAs is Xist, which is required for transcriptional silencing of one X chromosome during development in female mammals. Despite extensive efforts to define the mechanism of Xist-mediated transcriptional silencing, we still do not know any proteins required for this role. The main challenge is that there are currently no methods to comprehensively define the proteins that directly interact with a lncRNA in the cell. Here we develop a method to purify a lncRNA from cells and identify proteins interacting with it directly using quantitative mass spectrometry. We identify ten proteins that specifically associate with Xist, three of these proteins--SHARP, SAF-A and LBR--are required for Xist-mediated transcriptional silencing. We show that SHARP, which interacts with the SMRT co-repressor that activates HDAC3, is not only essential for silencing, but is also required for the exclusion of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) from the inactive X. Both SMRT and HDAC3 are also required for silencing and Pol II exclusion. In addition to silencing transcription, SHARP and HDAC3 are required for Xist-mediated recruitment of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) across the X chromosome. Our results suggest that Xist silences transcription by directly interacting with SHARP, recruiting SMRT, activating HDAC3, and deacetylating histones to exclude Pol II across the X chromosome.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4516396/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4516396/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McHugh, Colleen A -- Chen, Chun-Kan -- Chow, Amy -- Surka, Christine F -- Tran, Christina -- McDonel, Patrick -- Pandya-Jones, Amy -- Blanco, Mario -- Burghard, Christina -- Moradian, Annie -- Sweredoski, Michael J -- Shishkin, Alexander A -- Su, Julia -- Lander, Eric S -- Hess, Sonja -- Plath, Kathrin -- Guttman, Mitchell -- 1S10RR029591-01A1/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- DP2 OD001686/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP5 OD012190/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP5OD012190/OD/NIH HHS/ -- T32GM07616/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 May 14;521(7551):232-6. doi: 10.1038/nature14443. Epub 2015 Apr 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. ; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; 1] Department of Biological Chemistry, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA [2] Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. ; Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25915022" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Embryonic Stem Cells/enzymology/metabolism ; Female ; *Gene Silencing ; Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein U/metabolism ; Histone Deacetylases/*metabolism ; Histones/metabolism ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry/*methods ; Mice ; Nuclear Proteins/*metabolism ; Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 2/metabolism ; Polycomb Repressive Complex 2/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; RNA Polymerase II/metabolism ; RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/analysis/metabolism ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic/*genetics ; X Chromosome/*genetics/metabolism ; X Chromosome Inactivation/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 6
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    DXZ4 and the inactive X chromosome [Genetics] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-03
    Description: During interphase, the inactive X chromosome (Xi) is largely transcriptionally silent and adopts an unusual 3D configuration known as the “Barr body.” Despite the importance of X chromosome inactivation, little is known about this 3D conformation. We recently showed that in humans the Xi chromosome exhibits three structural features, two...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 7
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    Cancer missense mutation clustering in proteins [Genetics] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-07
    Description: Large-scale tumor sequencing projects enabled the identification of many new cancer gene candidates through computational approaches. Here, we describe a general method to detect cancer genes based on significant 3D clustering of mutations relative to the structure of the encoded protein products. The approach can also be used to search...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 8
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    Extrusion predicts 3D genome engineering results [Biophysics and Computational Biology] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-25
    Description: We recently used in situ Hi-C to create kilobase-resolution 3D maps of mammalian genomes. Here, we combine these maps with new Hi-C, microscopy, and genome-editing experiments to study the physical structure of chromatin fibers, domains, and loops. We find that the observed contact domains are inconsistent with the equilibrium state...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 9
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    A small-molecule inhibitor of TRPC5 ion channels suppresses progressive kidney disease in animal models (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-08
    Description: Progressive kidney diseases are often associated with scarring of the kidney’s filtration unit, a condition called focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). This scarring is due to loss of podocytes, cells critical for glomerular filtration, and leads to proteinuria and kidney failure. Inherited forms of FSGS are caused by Rac1-activating mutations, and Rac1 induces TRPC5 ion channel activity and cytoskeletal remodeling in podocytes. Whether TRPC5 activity mediates FSGS onset and progression is unknown. We identified a small molecule, AC1903, that specifically blocks TRPC5 channel activity in glomeruli of proteinuric rats. Chronic administration of AC1903 suppressed severe proteinuria and prevented podocyte loss in a transgenic rat model of FSGS. AC1903 also provided therapeutic benefit in a rat model of hypertensive proteinuric kidney disease. These data indicate that TRPC5 activity drives disease and that TRPC5 inhibitors may be valuable for the treatment of progressive kidney diseases.
    Keywords: Medicine, Diseases
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Whole-genome sequencing reveals activation-induced cytidine deaminase signatures during indolent chronic lymphocytic leukaemia evolution (2015)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-01
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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