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Trauma; Psychosis and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (2021)

Kate V. Hardy ; Kim T. Mueser

Frontiers Media SA

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Publication Date: 2023-12-21

Description: There is abundant evidence showing a strong association between trauma exposure, psychotic symptoms, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Early trauma exposure contributes to the formation of psychotic symptoms and the development of psychotic disorders or severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and treatment-refractory major depression. Furthermore, among persons with psychotic disorders, multiple traumatization over the lifetime is common, due to factors such as social stigma, the criminalization of severe mental illness, and increased vulnerability to interpersonal victimization. In addition to these factors is the traumatic nature of experiencing psychotic symptoms and coercive treatments such as involuntary hospitalization and being placed in seclusion or restraints. Not surprisingly, these high rates of trauma lead to high rates of PTSD in people with psychotic disorders, which are associated with more severe symptoms, worse functioning, and greater use of acute care services. In addition to the impact of trauma on the development of psychotic disorders and comorbid PTSD, traumatic experiences such as childhood sexual and physical abuse can shape the nature of prominent psychotic symptoms such as the content of auditory hallucinations and delusional beliefs. Additionally, traumatic experiences have been implicated in the role of ‘stress responsivity’ and increased risk for transition to psychosis in those identified as being at clinical high risk of developing psychosis. Finally, although the diagnostic criteria for PTSD primarily emphasize the effects of trauma on anxiety, avoidance, physiological over-arousal, and negative thoughts, it is well established that PTSD is frequently accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions that cannot be attributed to another DSM-V Axis I disorder such as psychotic depression or schizophrenia. Understanding the contribution of traumatic experiences to the etiology of psychosis and other symptoms can inform the provision of cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis, including the development of a shared formulation of the events leading up to the onset of the disorder, as well as other trauma-informed treatments that address distressing and disabling symptoms associated with trauma and psychosis. Until recently the trauma treatment needs of this population have been neglected, despite the high rates of trauma and PTSD in persons with psychotic disorders, and in spite of substantial gains made in the treatment of PTSD in the general population. Fortunately, progress in recent years has provided encouraging evidence that PTSD can be effectively treated in people with psychotic disorders using interventions adapted from PTSD treatments developed for the general population. In contrast to clinician fears about the untoward effects of trauma-focused treatments on persons with a psychotic disorder, research indicates that post-traumatic disorders can be safely treated, and that participants frequently experience symptom relief and improved functioning. There is a need to develop a better understanding of the interface between trauma, psychosis, and post-traumatic disorder. This Frontiers Research Topic is devoted to research addressing this interface.

Keywords: R5-920 ; RC435-571 ; BF1-990 ; Q1-390 ; Psychosis ; PTSD ; Auditory Hallucinations ; Negative Symptoms ; Childhood Trauma ; Trauma ; Psychological Interventions ; Lived Experience ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine

Language: English

Format: image/jpeg

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Seawater carbonate chemistry and mortality and behavior of the Antarctic amphipod Gondogeneia antarctica (2020)

Park, Seojeong ; Ahn, In-Young ; Sin, Eunchong ; [et al.]

PANGAEA

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Publication Date: 2024-03-15

Description: The Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) has experienced rapid atmospheric and ocean warming over the past few decades and many marine-terminating glaciers have considerably retreated. Glacial retreat is accompanied by fresh meltwater intrusion, which may result in the freshening and acidification of coastal waters. Marian Cove (MC), on King George Island in the WAP, undergoes one of the highest rates of glacial retreat. Intertidal and shallow subtidal waters are likely more susceptible to these processes, and sensitive biological responses are expected from the organisms inhabiting this area. The gammarid amphipod Gondogeneia antarctica is one of the most abundant species in the shallow, nearshore Antarctic waters, and it occupies an essential ecological niche in the coastal marine WAP ecosystem. In this study, we tested the sensitivity of G. antarctica to lowered salinity and pH by meltwater intrusion following glacial retreat. We exposed G. antarctica to four different treatments combining two salinities (34 and 27 psμ) and pH (8.0 and 7.6) levels for 26 days. Mortality, excluding cannibalized individuals, increased under low pH but decreased under low salinity conditions. Meanwhile, low salinity increased cannibalism, whereas low pH reduced food detection. Shelter use during the daytime decreased under each low salinity and pH condition, indicating that the two stressors act as disruptors of amphipod behavior. Under low salinity conditions, swimming increased during the daytime but decreased at night. Although interactions between low salinity and low pH were not observed during the experiment, the results suggest that each stressor, likely induced by glacial melting, causes altered behaviors in amphipods. These environmental factors may threaten population persistence in Marian Cove and possibly other similar glacial embayments.

Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Animalia; Antarctic; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Arthropoda; Behaviour; Bicarbonate ion; Bicarbonate ion, standard deviation; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calcite saturation state, standard deviation; Calculated using CO2calc; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Coast and continental shelf; DATE/TIME; EXP; Experiment; Experiment duration; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Gondogeneia antarctica; King_Sejong_Station; Laboratory experiment; Molting frequency; Molting frequency, standard error; Mortality; Mortality, standard error; Mortality/Survival; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Oxygen, dissolved; Oxygen, dissolved, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; pH; pH, standard deviation; Polar; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Proportion; Proportion, standard error; Registration number of species; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Single species; Species; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Treatment; Type; Uniform resource locator/link to reference; Zooplankton

Type: Dataset

Format: text/tab-separated-values, 23000 data points

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Interannual variation of modified Circumpolar Deep Water volume in the Dotson-Getz Trough, West Antarctica (2023)

Kim, T. ; Yang, H. ; Kim, Y. ; [et al.]

In: XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)

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Publication Date: 2023-07-20

Description: In recent decades, wide-spread thinning of ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea has been recorded driven by basal melting. Relatively warm modified Circumpolar Deep Water (mCDW) flows onto the continental shelf and fills the Dotson-Getz Trough (DGT) and reaches the base of the Dotson Ice Shelf (DIS). Long-term hydrographic data (2007–2018) for the DGT were obtained during seven oceanographic surveys to study the interannual variation in mCDW volume and properties in the DGT and their causes. Although the mCDW volume showed relatively weak interannual variations at the entrance of the DGT, these variations intensified in front of the DIS. There, the mCDW volume was ~8 × 10〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 km〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 in 2007, rapidly decreased to 4.7 × 10〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 km〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 in 2014 before rebounding to 7.3 × 10〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 km〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 in 2018. Such interannual variability appears to result from local Ekman pumping along the DGT, with the dominant south-southeast wind modulating the amplitude of Ekman upwelling along the eastern boundary of the Amundsen Sea polynya during the austral summers of the surveyed years. We note a strong correlation between the wind variability and the longitudinal location of the Amundsen Sea Low.

Language: English

Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject

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Advertent cloud seeding experiments against inadvertent weather modifications in Korea (2023)

Kim, B. ; Choi, Y. ; Kim, J. ; [et al.]

In: XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)

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Publication Date: 2023-06-13

Description: Korea has been frequently exposed to aerosol cloud precipitation interactions specifically in the polluted season such that the enhanced aerosols might slow down coalescence and accretion, and thus delay the conversion of cloud water to precipitation drop. This inadvertent weather modification was identified as a couple of possible evidence, which as a result would make weather forecast incorrect in terms of precipitation intensity and timing in the mid-Korean peninsula (Eun et al., 2016; 2021). Meanwhile, the advertent weather modification campaign has been made during the past decade in the eastern mountainous region (Yeongdong) where cloud active aerosols are relatively fewer than the metropolitan region. This ongoing campaign largely focuses on winter and early spring in order to secure water supply and further prevent wildfire in dry season. The previous experiments showed a significant response in precipitation of the target (downwind) domain in comparison with the control zone after AgI burning at a fixed site for the several events. In addition, using a multi-angle snowflake camera, a decrease in snow crystal size and an increase in riming degree were demonstrated after the seeding on 14 March 2017, that was also identified with smartphone photographs on 9 March 2016 and 21 March 2018. In Korea, the advertent seeding experiment has been ongoing in the eastern mountainous (relatively clean) region whereas some inadvertent weather modification events occurred largely in the west (urban) region probably through the similar mechanism in the different environments.

Language: English

Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject

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Spatial database of planted forests in East Asia (2023)

Abbasi, A. ; Tang, X. ; Harris, N. ; [et al.]

In: Scientific Data

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Publication Date: 2023-08-09

Description: Planted forests are critical to climate change mitigation and constitute a major supplier of timber/non-timber products and other ecosystem services. Globally, approximately 36% of planted forest area is located in East Asia. However, reliable records of the geographic distribution and tree species composition of these planted forests remain very limited. Here, based on extensive in situ and remote sensing data, as well as an ensemble modeling approach, we present the first spatial database of planted forests for East Asia, which consists of maps of the geographic distribution of planted forests and associated dominant tree genera. Of the predicted planted forest areas in East Asia (948,863 km2), China contributed 87%, most of which is located in the lowland tropical/subtropical regions, and Sichuan Basin. With 95% accuracy and an F1 score of 0.77, our spatially-continuous maps of planted forests enable accurate quantification of the role of planted forests in climate change mitigation. Our findings inform effective decision-making in forest conservation, management, and global restoration projects.

Language: English

Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article

Format: application/pdf

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Massive Dactyliosolen blooms in Pine Island Bay, West Antarctica (2023)

Lee, Y. ; Park, J. ; Jinyoung, J. ; [et al.]

In: XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)

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Publication Date: 2023-09-12

Description: Recently, new glaciological findings were reported for Thwaites Glacier, one of the vulnerable glaciers in Pine Island Bay, Antarctica; however, no studies have considered the ecosystems that could be impacted by these melting and collapsing ice shelves. During the austral summer cruise of 2020, the phytoplankton community was dominated by Phaeocystis antarctica in most coastal waters of the Amundsen Sea, as previously reported; however, unexpected blooms of diatom Dactyliosolen were observed throughout the Pine Island Bay region at a high dominance rate (~ 90%) and abundance. The dramatic difference in phytoplankton compositions between these adjacent coastal areas indicates an unstable phytoplankton response to ice melting conditions, implying that the ecosystem is already being impacted and shifted.

Language: English

Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject

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