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  • 2020-2023  (65)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-10-05
    Description: The spatial and angular emission patterns of artificial and natural light emitted, scattered, and reflected from the Earth at night are far more complex than those for scattered and reflected solar radiation during daytime. In this commentary, we use examples to show that there is additional information contained in the angular distribution of emitted light. We argue that this information could be used to improve existing remote sensing retrievals based on night lights, and in some cases could make entirely new remote sensing analyses possible. This work will be challenging, so we hope this article will encourage researchers and funding agencies to pursue further study of how multi‐angle views can be analyzed or acquired.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: When satellites take images of Earth, they usually do so from directly above (or as close to it as is reasonably possible). In this comment, we show that for studies that use imagery of Earth at night, it may be beneficial to take several images of the same area at different angles within a short period of time. For example, different types of lights shine in different directions (street lights usually shine down, while video advertisements shine sideways), and tall buildings can block the view of a street from some viewing angles. Additionally, since views from different directions pass through different amounts of air, imagery at multiple angles could be used to obtain information about Earth's atmosphere, and measure artificial and natural night sky brightness. The main point of the paper is to encourage researchers, funding agencies, and space agencies to think about what new possibilities could be achieved in the future with views of night lights at different angles.
    Description: Key Points: Remote sensing using the visible band at night is more complex than during the daytime, especially due to the variety of artificial lights. Views of night lights intentionally taken from multiple angles provide several advantages over near‐nadir or circumstantial view geometries. Night lights remote sensing would benefit from greater consideration of the role viewing geometry plays in the observed radiance.
    Description: EC H2020 H2020 Societal Challenges http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010676
    Description: Helmholtz Association http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009318
    Description: Slovak Research and Development Agency
    Description: Xunta de Galicia (Regional Government of Galicia) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010801
    Description: National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000104
    Description: University of Hong Kong http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003803
    Description: Fonds de recherche du Québec
    Description: EC Emprego, Assuntos Sociais e Inclusão European Social Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004895
    Description: Natural Environment Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000270
    Description: City of Cologne, Germany
    Keywords: ddc:551.5
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: Background Exposure to cold or hot temperatures is associated with premature deaths. We aimed to evaluate the global, regional, and national mortality burden associated with non-optimal ambient temperatures. Methods In this modelling study, we collected time-series data on mortality and ambient temperatures from 750 locations in 43 countries and five meta-predictors at a grid size of 0·5° × 0·5° across the globe. A three-stage analysis strategy was used. First, the temperature–mortality association was fitted for each location by use of a time-series regression. Second, a multivariate meta-regression model was built between location-specific estimates and meta-predictors. Finally, the grid-specific temperature–mortality association between 2000 and 2019 was predicted by use of the fitted meta-regression and the grid-specific meta-predictors. Excess deaths due to non-optimal temperatures, the ratio between annual excess deaths and all deaths of a year (the excess death ratio), and the death rate per 100 000 residents were then calculated for each grid across the world. Grids were divided according to regional groupings of the UN Statistics Division. Findings Globally, 5 083 173 deaths (95% empirical CI [eCI] 4 087 967–5 965 520) were associated with non-optimal temperatures per year, accounting for 9·43% (95% eCI 7·58–11·07) of all deaths (8·52% [6·19–10·47] were cold-related and 0·91% [0·56–1·36] were heat-related). There were 74 temperature-related excess deaths per 100 000 residents (95% eCI 60–87). The mortality burden varied geographically. Of all excess deaths, 2 617 322 (51·49%) occurred in Asia. Eastern Europe had the highest heat-related excess death rate and Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest cold-related excess death rate. From 2000–03 to 2016–19, the global cold-related excess death ratio changed by −0·51 percentage points (95% eCI −0·61 to −0·42) and the global heat-related excess death ratio increased by 0·21 percentage points (0·13–0·31), leading to a net reduction in the overall ratio. The largest decline in overall excess death ratio occurred in South-eastern Asia, whereas excess death ratio fluctuated in Southern Asia and Europe. Interpretation Non-optimal temperatures are associated with a substantial mortality burden, which varies spatiotemporally. Our findings will benefit international, national, and local communities in developing preparedness and prevention strategies to reduce weather-related impacts immediately and under climate change scenarios.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-10-04
    Description: The small‐angle neutron scattering data of nanostructured magnetic samples contain information regarding their chemical and magnetic properties. Often, the first step to access characteristic magnetic and structural length scales is a model‐free investigation. However, due to measurement uncertainties and a restricted q range, a direct Fourier transform usually fails and results in ambiguous distributions. To circumvent these problems, different methods have been introduced to derive regularized, more stable correlation functions, with the indirect Fourier transform being the most prominent approach. Here, the indirect Fourier transform is compared with the singular value decomposition and an iterative algorithm. These approaches are used to determine the correlation function from magnetic small‐angle neutron scattering data of a powder sample of iron oxide nanoparticles; it is shown that with all three methods, in principle, the same correlation function can be derived. Each method has certain advantages and disadvantages, and thus the recommendation is to combine these three approaches to obtain robust results.
    Description: Three different approaches are compared for determination of the correlation function from the small‐angle neutron scattering data of a powder sample of iron oxide nanoparticles.
    Keywords: ddc:548
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-12-10
    Description: Deception Island is one of the most active and best‐documented volcanoes in Antarctica. Since its last eruption in 1970, several geophysical surveys have targeted reconstructing its magmatic systems. However, geophysics fails to reconstruct the pathways magma and fluids follow from depth to erupt at the surface. Here, novel data selection strategies and multi‐frequency absorption inversions have been framed in a Geographical Information System, using all available geological (vents and faults distribution), geochemical and geophysical knowledge of the volcano. The result is the detection of these eruptive pathways. The model offers the first image of the magma and associated fluids pathways feed the 1967, 1969, and 1970 eruptions. Results suggest that future ascending paths might lead to active research bases and zones of planned helicopter rescue. The connection between seismic absorption, temperature, and fluid content makes it a promising attribute for detecting and monitoring eruptions at active calderas.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Deception Island is the gateway for tourists to Antarctica and a laboratory to understand ice‐capped volcanoes and their eruptions. While the Island has been the target of many geophysical studies, no clear tomographic model shows how deep eruptive pathways of its last eruptions have reached the surface in the 1960s and 1970s. This is a recurrent topic in volcano geophysics: dikes and fluid migrations develop across structures considered too small to be detected by tomographic techniques. This paper demonstrates that seismic absorption has sufficient sensitivity to temperature and fluid content to detect these pathways. Once integrated within a Geographical Information System with all the information we have on the volcano, the models resolve the feeding systems of these eruptions, from a tectonically deformed deep magma chamber to shallow cold dyke intrusions and fluid migrations still feeding the volcano today. The correlation between seismic absorption, temperature, and fluid content offers a new tool for detecting and monitoring shallow volcanic hazards.
    Description: Key Points: High absorption detects deep eruptive pathways from the caldera center to its rim. Absorption imaging reconstructs shallow pathways of hazardous materials. Seismic absorption is sensitive to thermal anomalies at depth.
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6561124
    Description: https://zenodo.org/badge/latestdoi/493744216
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; seismic absorption ; seismic tomography ; Deception Island ; Volcanology ; remote sensing
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-12-15
    Description: Most pyroclastic deposits of Popocatépetl volcano were emplaced at high temperatures and have similar mafic to more evolved compositions, suggesting a long‐lived, interconnected magma environment. We performed a magnetic and microscopic study on different eruptive sequences 〈14 ky in age and found that temperature and field dependence of magnetic susceptibility are suited to separate eruption phases. We observed homogeneous titanomagnetite with Curie temperatures (TC) of 50–200°C and 200–400°C, together with different amounts of oxy‐exsolved titanomagnetite with TC ∼ 570°C. Some block‐and‐ash flow deposits show remarkably irreversible TC in heating and cooling branches with a positive ΔTC (TC heating–TC cooling) of up to 130°C in the center. The central part of this sequence is characterized by decreasing magnetic susceptibility and low field dependence of magnetic susceptibility (〈10%), which is atypical for ulvöspinel‐rich titanomagnetite. The nonreversibility of heating and cooling runs measured with rates of around 10 K/min is probably related to vacancy‐enhanced nanoscale chemical clustering, which seems to occur preferentially during rapid quenching, possibly combined with subtle maghemitization. In contrast, pumice layers have the highest field dependence (∼20%) and contain Ti‐rich and intermediate titanomagnetite with TC 〈 100 and ∼300°C, which are in line with mafic and more evolved magma composition. In intermediate phases, irreversibility of TC is more common but with a relatively low ΔTC of ±20°C. We suggest that magneto‐mineralogy in pyroclastic density currents is complex but offers a complementary tool to the paleomagnetic directional analysis for emplacement temperature and contribute information on the volcanic material history and their emplacement conditions.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Explosive eruptions of volcanoes are a dangerous threat to human settlements. In this study, we investigated pyroclastic material from the last 14 ky of Popocatépetl volcano using magnetic mineral assemblages, hysteresis properties, and temperature‐ and field‐dependent magnetic susceptibility. The data are suited to separate different eruption phases and provide information on the volcanic material history and emplacement conditions. Magnetic susceptibility analyses are suggested to be a complementary tool to the paleomagnetic directional analysis for the determination of emplacement temperatures.
    Description: Key Points: Several Curie temperatures were observed in pyroclastic deposits. Temperature and field dependence of magnetic susceptibility are suited to separate eruption phases. Irreversible Curie temperatures in heating and cooling curves observed in block‐and‐ash flows may suggest rapid quenching.
    Description: DGAPA‐UNAM
    Description: https://doi.org/10.17632/9g2tszftvr.2
    Description: https://earthref.org/MagIC/19591/206809c5-acfc-41e3-b4cb-411630a7025e
    Keywords: ddc:552.2 ; Popocatépetl volcano ; pyroclastic deposits ; magnetic rock studies ; magnetic mineralogy studies ; cooling temerature
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Fungi are a rich source of bioactive compounds. Fungal cocultivation is a method of potentiating chemical interactions and, consequently, increasing bioactive molecule production. In this study, we evaluated the bactericidal, antiprotozoal, and cathepsin V inhibition activities of extracts from axenic cultures of 6 fungi (Fusarium guttiforme, Pestalotiopsis diospyri, Phoma caricae-papayae, Colletotrichum horii, Phytophthora palmivora, and C. gloeosporioides) that infest tropical fruits and 57 extracts obtained by their cocultivation. Our results reveal that fungal cocultivation enhances the biological activity of the samples, since all extracts that were active on Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania infantum were obtained from cocultivation. Bacterial growth is either totally or partially inhibited by 46% of the extracts. Two extracts containing mainly fusaric and 9,10-dehydrofusaric acids were particularly active. The presence of the fungus F. guttiforme in co-cultures that give rise to extracts with the highest activities against L. infantum. An axenic culture gave rise to the most active extract for the inhibition of cathepsin V; however, other coculture extracts also exhibited activity toward this biological target. Therefore, the results of the biological activities indicate that fungal cocultivation increased the biological potential of samples, likely due to the hostile and competitive environment that pushes microorganisms to produce substances important for defense and allows access to metabolic routes then silenced in milder cultivation conditions.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: One of the most challenging issues in Mediterranean ecosystems to date has been to understand the emergence of discontinuous changes or catastrophic shifts. In the era of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, which encompass ideas around Land Degradation Neutrality, advancing this understanding has become even more critical and urgent. The aim of this paper is to synthesize insights into the drivers, processes and management of catastrophic shifts to highlight ways forward for the management of Mediterranean ecosystems. We use a multidisciplinary approach that extends beyond the typical single site, single scale, single approach studies in the current literature. We link applied and theoretical ecology at multiple scales with analyses and modeling of human–environment–climate relations and stakeholder engagement in six field sites in Mediterranean ecosystems to address three key questions: i) How do major degradation drivers affect ecosystem functioning and services in Mediterranean ecosystems? ii) What processes happen in the soil and vegetation during a catastrophic shift? iii) How can management of vulnerable ecosystems be optimized using these findings? Drawing together the findings from the use of different approaches allows us to address the whole pipeline of changes from drivers through to action. We highlight ways to assess ecosystem vulnerability that can help to prevent ecosystem shifts to undesirable states; identify cost-effective management measures that align with the vision and plans of land users; and evaluate the timing of these measures to enable optimization of their application before thresholds are reached. Such a multidisciplinary approach enables improved identification of early warning signals for discontinuous changes informing more timely and cost-effective management, allowing anticipation of, adaptation to, or even prevention of, undesirable catastrophic ecosystem shifts.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-10-01
    Description: Internal water in cold‐water and tropical coral skeletons was extracted and measured for its oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios. Water was extracted by crushing pieces of coral hard tissue in a percussion device connected to either a cavity ring‐down spectroscopy (CRDS) system or an isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) system. Despite most samples yielding sufficient water, each analytical system produces distinct isotope patterns. Experiments show that several characteristics specific to biominerals give rise to discrepancies and analytical artefacts that preclude the acquisition of reproducible isotope data. The main complication is that internal water in biogenic carbonates is distributed in an open interconnected micro‐network that readily exchanges with external water and potentially facilitates interaction with hydration water in the finely dispersed organic matrix in the coral skeleton. Furthermore, only an isotopically fractionated part of the internal water is released from the coral skeletons upon crushing. Altogether, isotope ratio measurement of internal water in corals with bulk crushing techniques does not give primary fluid isotope ratios useful for (palaeo‐)environmental or microbiological studies. As the resulting isotope patterns can show systematic behaviour per technique, isotope data may be erroneously interpreted to reflect the original calcifying fluid when using only a single technique to isotopically characterise internal fluids in coral skeletons.
    Description: Key Points: Free water trapped inside coral skeletons was extracted and isotopically analyzed on two commonly used techniques for fluid inclusion isotope analysis. Measured oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios do not reproduce between the techniques due to several analytical artefacts. The water extracted from coral skeletons is not of primary origin.
    Description: Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003246
    Description: Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009106
    Keywords: ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2022-10-13
    Description: Observation‐based and modeling studies have identified the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (EMME) region as a prominent climate change hotspot. While several initiatives have addressed the impacts of climate change in parts of the EMME, here we present an updated assessment, covering a wide range of timescales, phenomena and future pathways. Our assessment is based on a revised analysis of recent observations and projections and an extensive overview of the recent scientific literature on the causes and effects of regional climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions in the EMME are growing rapidly, surpassing those of the European Union, hence contributing significantly to climate change. Over the past half‐century and especially during recent decades, the EMME has warmed significantly faster than other inhabited regions. At the same time, changes in the hydrological cycle have become evident. The observed recent temperature increase of about 0.45°C per decade is projected to continue, although strong global greenhouse gas emission reductions could moderate this trend. In addition to projected changes in mean climate conditions, we call attention to extreme weather events with potentially disruptive societal impacts. These include the strongly increasing severity and duration of heatwaves, droughts and dust storms, as well as torrential rain events that can trigger flash floods. Our review is complemented by a discussion of atmospheric pollution and land‐use change in the region, including urbanization, desertification and forest fires. Finally, we identify sectors that may be critically affected and formulate adaptation and research recommendations toward greater resilience of the EMME region to climate change.
    Description: Key Points: The Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East is warming almost two times faster than the global average and other inhabited parts of the world. Climate projections indicate a future warming, strongest in summers. Precipitation will likely decrease, particularly in the Mediterranean. Virtually all socio‐economic sectors will be critically affected by the projected changes.
    Description: European Union Horizon 2020
    Description: https://esg-dn1.nsc.liu.se/search/esgf-liu/
    Keywords: ddc:551.6
    Language: English
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-10-04
    Description: The Arctic Ocean is considered a source of micronutrients to the Nordic Seas and the North Atlantic Ocean through the gateway of Fram Strait (FS). However, there is a paucity of trace element data from across the Arctic Ocean gateways, and so it remains unclear how Arctic and North Atlantic exchange shapes micronutrient availability in the two ocean basins. In 2015 and 2016, GEOTRACES cruises sampled the Barents Sea Opening (GN04, 2015) and FS (GN05, 2016) for dissolved iron (dFe), manganese (dMn), cobalt (dCo), nickel (dNi), copper (dCu) and zinc (dZn). Together with the most recent synopsis of Arctic‐Atlantic volume fluxes, the observed trace element distributions suggest that FS is the most important gateway for Arctic‐Atlantic dissolved micronutrient exchange as a consequence of Intermediate and Deep Water transport. Combining fluxes from FS and the Barents Sea Opening with estimates for Davis Strait (GN02, 2015) suggests an annual net southward flux of 2.7 ± 2.4 Gg·a−1 dFe, 0.3 ± 0.3 Gg·a−1 dCo, 15.0 ± 12.5 Gg·a−1 dNi and 14.2 ± 6.9 Gg·a−1 dCu from the Arctic toward the North Atlantic Ocean. Arctic‐Atlantic exchange of dMn and dZn were more balanced, with a net southbound flux of 2.8 ± 4.7 Gg·a−1 dMn and a net northbound flux of 3.0 ± 7.3 Gg·a−1 dZn. Our results suggest that ongoing changes to shelf inputs and sea ice dynamics in the Arctic, especially in Siberian shelf regions, affect micronutrient availability in FS and the high latitude North Atlantic Ocean.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Recent studies have proposed that the Arctic Ocean is a source of micronutrients such as dissolved iron (dFe), manganese (dMn), cobalt (dCo), nickel (dNi), copper (dCu) and zinc (dZn) to the North Atlantic Ocean. However, data at the Arctic Ocean gateways including Fram Strait and the Barents Sea Opening have been missing to date and so the extent of Arctic micronutrient transport toward the Atlantic Ocean remains unquantified. Here, we show that Fram Strait is the most important gateway for Arctic‐Atlantic micronutrient exchange which is a result of deep water transport at depths 〉500 m. Combined with a flux estimate for Davis Strait, this study suggests that the Arctic Ocean is a net source of dFe, dNi and dCu, and possibly also dCo, toward the North Atlantic Ocean. Arctic‐Atlantic dMn and dZn exchange seems more balanced. Properties in the East Greenland Current showed substantial similarities to observations in the upstream Central Arctic Ocean, indicating that Fram Strait may export micronutrients from Siberian riverine discharge and shelf sediments 〉3,000 km away. Increasing Arctic river discharge, permafrost thaw and coastal erosion, all consequences of ongoing climate change, may therefore alter future Arctic Ocean micronutrient transport to the North Atlantic Ocean.
    Description: Key Points: Fram Strait is the major gateway for Arctic‐Atlantic exchange of the dissolved micronutrients Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn. The Arctic is a net source of dissolved Fe, Co, Ni and Cu to the Nordic Seas and toward the North Atlantic; Mn and Zn exchange are balanced. Waters of the Central Arctic Ocean, including the Transpolar Drift, are the main drivers of gross Arctic micronutrient export.
    Description: German Research Foundation
    Description: Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.859558
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.871030
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.868396
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.905347
    Description: https://dataportal.nioz.nl/doi/10.25850/nioz/7b.b.jc
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.933431
    Description: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/718440
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.936029
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.936027
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.927429
    Keywords: ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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