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  • 1
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    In-Situ CO2 Monitoring Network Evaluation and Design: A Criterion Based on Atmospheric CO2 Variability (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-17
    Description: [1]  Estimates of surface fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) can be derived from atmospheric CO 2 concentration measurements through the solution of an inverse problem, but the sparseness of the existing CO 2 monitoring network is often cited as a main limiting factor in constraining fluxes. Existing methods for assessing or designing monitoring networks either primarily rely on expert knowledge, or are sensitive to the large number of modeling choices and assumptions inherent to the solution of inverse problems. This study proposes a monitoring network evaluation and design approach based on the quantification of the spatial variability in modeled atmospheric CO 2 . The approach is used to evaluate the 2004-2008 North American network expansion, and to create two hypothetical further expansions. The less stringent expansion guarantees a monitoring tower within one correlation length of each location (1 CL), requiring an additional 8 towers relative to 2008. The more stringent network includes a tower within one half of a correlation length (½ CL) and requires 35 towers beyond the 1 CL network. The two proposed networks are evaluated against the network in 2008, which temporarily had the most continuous monitoring sites in North America thanks to the Mid-Continent Intensive project. Evaluation using a synthetic data inversion shows a marked improvement in the ability to constrain both continental- and biome-scale fluxes, especially in areas that are currently under-sampled. The proposed approach is flexible, computationally inexpensive, and provides a quantitative design tool that can be used in concert with existing tools to inform atmospheric monitoring needs.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    The use of variable CO2 in the data assimilation of AIRS and IASI radiances (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-15
    Description: An important component of the assimilation of radiance observations from the AIRS and IASI satellite instruments is the radiative transfer modelling. Currently, the RTTOV model used in the ECMWF IFS system uses a fixed value for CO 2 . Neglecting the spatio-temporal variability of CO 2 introduces an error in the simulation of the satellite radiances, which could affect the quality of the analyses and forecasts. The current assumption is that variational bias correction corrects most of this error and therefore minimizes the impact on the forecast scores. This paper investigates the possibility of modelling CO 2 within the IFS to improve the radiative transfer modelling. Results show that the required bias correction is significantly reduced when using more realistic CO 2 values. The impact on the analysis quality and forecast scores is mostly neutral with some indication of improvement in the Tropics and the stratosphere. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-870X
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 3
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    A massive, cooling-flow-induced starburst in the core of a luminous cluster of galaxies (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2012-08-17
    Description: In the cores of some clusters of galaxies the hot intracluster plasma is dense enough that it should cool radiatively in the cluster's lifetime, leading to continuous 'cooling flows' of gas sinking towards the cluster centre, yet no such cooling flow has been observed. The low observed star-formation rates and cool gas masses for these 'cool-core' clusters suggest that much of the cooling must be offset by feedback to prevent the formation of a runaway cooling flow. Here we report X-ray, optical and infrared observations of the galaxy cluster SPT-CLJ2344-4243 (ref. 11) at redshift z = 0.596. These observations reveal an exceptionally luminous (8.2 x 10(45) erg s(-1)) galaxy cluster that hosts an extremely strong cooling flow (around 3,820 solar masses a year). Further, the central galaxy in this cluster appears to be experiencing a massive starburst (formation of around 740 solar masses a year), which suggests that the feedback source responsible for preventing runaway cooling in nearby cool-core clusters may not yet be fully established in SPT-CLJ2344-4243. This large star-formation rate implies that a significant fraction of the stars in the central galaxy of this cluster may form through accretion of the intracluster medium, rather than (as is currently thought) assembling entirely via mergers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McDonald, M -- Bayliss, M -- Benson, B A -- Foley, R J -- Ruel, J -- Sullivan, P -- Veilleux, S -- Aird, K A -- Ashby, M L N -- Bautz, M -- Bazin, G -- Bleem, L E -- Brodwin, M -- Carlstrom, J E -- Chang, C L -- Cho, H M -- Clocchiatti, A -- Crawford, T M -- Crites, A T -- de Haan, T -- Desai, S -- Dobbs, M A -- Dudley, J P -- Egami, E -- Forman, W R -- Garmire, G P -- George, E M -- Gladders, M D -- Gonzalez, A H -- Halverson, N W -- Harrington, N L -- High, F W -- Holder, G P -- Holzapfel, W L -- Hoover, S -- Hrubes, J D -- Jones, C -- Joy, M -- Keisler, R -- Knox, L -- Lee, A T -- Leitch, E M -- Liu, J -- Lueker, M -- Luong-Van, D -- Mantz, A -- Marrone, D P -- McMahon, J J -- Mehl, J -- Meyer, S S -- Miller, E D -- Mocanu, L -- Mohr, J J -- Montroy, T E -- Murray, S S -- Natoli, T -- Padin, S -- Plagge, T -- Pryke, C -- Rawle, T D -- Reichardt, C L -- Rest, A -- Rex, M -- Ruhl, J E -- Saliwanchik, B R -- Saro, A -- Sayre, J T -- Schaffer, K K -- Shaw, L -- Shirokoff, E -- Simcoe, R -- Song, J -- Spieler, H G -- Stalder, B -- Staniszewski, Z -- Stark, A A -- Story, K -- Stubbs, C W -- Suhada, R -- van Engelen, A -- Vanderlinde, K -- Vieira, J D -- Vikhlinin, A -- Williamson, R -- Zahn, O -- Zenteno, A -- England -- Nature. 2012 Aug 16;488(7411):349-52. doi: 10.1038/nature11379.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. mcdonald@space.mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22895340" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Iconic CO2 time series at risk (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Houweling, Sander -- Badawy, Bakr -- Baker, David F -- Basu, Sourish -- Belikov, Dmitry -- Bergamaschi, Peter -- Bousquet, Philippe -- Broquet, Gregoire -- Butler, Tim -- Canadell, Josep G -- Chen, Jing -- Chevallier, Frederic -- Ciais, Philippe -- Collatz, G James -- Denning, Scott -- Engelen, Richard -- Enting, Ian G -- Fischer, Marc L -- Fraser, Annemarie -- Gerbig, Christoph -- Gloor, Manuel -- Jacobson, Andrew R -- Jones, Dylan B A -- Heimann, Martin -- Khalil, Aslam -- Kaminski, Thomas -- Kasibhatla, Prasad S -- Krakauer, Nir Y -- Krol, Maarten -- Maki, Takashi -- Maksyutov, Shamil -- Manning, Andrew -- Meesters, Antoon -- Miller, John B -- Palmer, Paul I -- Patra, Prabir -- Peters, Wouter -- Peylin, Philippe -- Poussi, Zegbeu -- Prather, Michael J -- Randerson, James T -- Rockmann, Thomas -- Rodenbeck, Christian -- Sarmiento, Jorge L -- Schimel, David S -- Scholze, Marko -- Schuh, Andrew -- Suntharalingam, Parv -- Takahashi, Taro -- Turnbull, Jocelyn -- Yurganov, Leonid -- Vermeulen, Alex -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Aug 31;337(6098):1038-40. doi: 10.1126/science.337.6098.1038-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22936755" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; *Climate Change
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Background error covariance estimation for atmospheric CO2 data assimilation (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-25
    Description: [1]  In any data assimilation framework, the background error covariance statistics play the critical role of filtering the observed information and determining the quality of the analysis. For atmospheric CO 2 data assimilation, however, the background errors cannot be prescribed via traditional forecast or ensemble-based techniques as these fail to account for the uncertainties in the carbon emissions and uptake, or for the errors associated with the CO 2 transport model. We propose an approach where the differences between two modeled CO 2 concentration fields, based on different but plausible CO 2 flux distributions and atmospheric transport models, are used as a proxy for the statistics of the background errors. The resulting error statistics - 1) vary regionally and seasonally to better capture the uncertainty in the background CO 2 field, and 2) have a positive impact on the analysis estimates by allowing observations to adjust predictions over large areas. A state-of-the-art 4-dimensional variational (4D-VAR) system developed at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is used to illustrate the impact of the proposed approach for characterizing background error statistics on atmospheric CO 2 concentration estimates. Observations from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) are assimilated into the ECMWF 4D-VAR system along with meteorological variables, using both the new error statistics and those based on a traditional forecast-based technique. Evaluation of the 4-dimensional CO 2 fields against independent CO 2 observations confirms that the performance of the data assimilation system improves substantially in the summer, when significant variability and uncertainty in the fluxes are present.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Genome-wide association study identifies loci on 12q24 and 13q32 associated with Tetralogy of Fallot (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-15
    Description: We conducted a genome-wide association study to search for risk alleles associated with Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), using a northern European discovery set of 835 cases and 5159 controls. A region on chromosome 12q24 was associated ( P = 1.4 x 10 –7 ) and replicated convincingly ( P = 3.9 x 10 –5 ) in 798 cases and 2931 controls [per allele odds ratio (OR) = 1.27 in replication cohort, P = 7.7 x 10 –11 in combined populations]. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the glypican 5 gene on chromosome 13q32 were also associated ( P = 1.7 x 10 –7 ) and replicated convincingly ( P = 1.2 x 10 –5 ) in 789 cases and 2927 controls (per allele OR = 1.31 in replication cohort, P = 3.03 x 10 –11 in combined populations). Four additional regions on chromosomes 10, 15 and 16 showed suggestive association accompanied by nominal replication. This study, the first genome-wide association study of a congenital heart malformation phenotype, provides evidence that common genetic variation influences the risk of TOF.
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2083
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    A submillimetre-bright z ~ 3 overdensity behind a z ~ 1 supercluster revealed by SCUBA-2 and Herschel (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-23
    Description: We present a wide-field (30 arcmin diameter) 850 μm Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array-2 map of the spectacular three-component merging supercluster, RCS 231953+00, at z  = 0.9. The brightest submillimetre galaxy (SMG) in the field ( S 850 12 mJy) is within 30 arcsec of one of the cluster cores (RCS 2319–C), and is likely to be a more distant, lensed galaxy. Interestingly, the wider field around RCS 2319–C reveals a local overdensity of SMGs, exceeding the average source density by a factor of 4.5, with a 〈1 per cent chance of being found in a random field. Utilizing Herschel observations from the Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver, we find that three of these SMGs have similar submillimetre colours. We fit their observed 250–850 μm spectral energy distributions to estimate their redshift, yielding 2.5 〈  z  〈 3.5, and calculate prodigious star formation rates ranging from 500 to 2500 M yr –1 . We speculate that these galaxies are either lensed SMGs, or signpost a physical structure at z 3: a ‘protocluster’ inhabited by young galaxies in a rapid phase of growth, destined to form the core of a massive galaxy cluster by z  = 0.
    Print ISSN: 1745-3925
    Electronic ISSN: 1745-3933
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    MicroScope--an integrated microbial resource for the curation and comparative analysis of genomic and metabolic data (2012)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2012-12-20
    Description: MicroScope is an integrated platform dedicated to both the methodical updating of microbial genome annotation and to comparative analysis. The resource provides data from completed and ongoing genome projects (automatic and expert annotations), together with data sources from post-genomic experiments (i.e. transcriptomics, mutant collections) allowing users to perfect and improve the understanding of gene functions. MicroScope ( http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/agc/microscope ) combines tools and graphical interfaces to analyse genomes and to perform the manual curation of gene annotations in a comparative context. Since its first publication in January 2006, the system (previously named MaGe for Magnifying Genomes) has been continuously extended both in terms of data content and analysis tools. The last update of MicroScope was published in 2009 in the Database journal. Today, the resource contains data for 〉1600 microbial genomes, of which ~300 are manually curated and maintained by biologists (1200 personal accounts today). Expert annotations are continuously gathered in the MicroScope database (~50 000 a year), contributing to the improvement of the quality of microbial genomes annotations. Improved data browsing and searching tools have been added, original tools useful in the context of expert annotation have been developed and integrated and the website has been significantly redesigned to be more user-friendly. Furthermore, in the context of the European project Microme (Framework Program 7 Collaborative Project), MicroScope is becoming a resource providing for the curation and analysis of both genomic and metabolic data. An increasing number of projects are related to the study of environmental bacterial (meta)genomes that are able to metabolize a large variety of chemical compounds that may be of high industrial interest.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    Biogeography of Rhizobium radiobacter and distribution of associated temperate phages in deep subseafloor sediments (2012)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2012-12-19
    Description: Biogeography of Rhizobium radiobacter and distribution of associated temperate phages in deep subseafloor sediments The ISME Journal 7, 199 (January 2013). doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.92 Authors: Tim Engelhardt, Monika Sahlberg, Heribert Cypionka & Bert Engelen
    Keywords: deep biospherelysogenyODP Leg 201rhizobiophages
    Print ISSN: 1751-7362
    Electronic ISSN: 1751-7370
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer Nature on behalf of The International Society for Microbial Ecology (ISME).
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  • 10
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    ALS-associated mutations in FUS disrupt the axonal distribution and function of SMN (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-23
    Description: Mutations in the RNA binding protein fused in sarcoma/translated in liposarcoma (FUS/TLS) cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Although ALS-linked mutations in FUS often lead to a cytosolic mislocalization of the protein, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying these mutations remain poorly understood. To gain insight into these mechanisms, we examined the biochemical, cell biological and functional properties of mutant FUS in neurons. Expression of different FUS mutants (R521C, R521H, P525L) in neurons caused axonal defects. A protein interaction screen performed to explain these phenotypes identified numerous FUS interactors including the spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) causing protein survival motor neuron (SMN). Biochemical experiments showed that FUS and SMN interact directly and endogenously, and that this interaction can be regulated by FUS mutations. Immunostaining revealed co-localization of mutant FUS aggregates and SMN in primary neurons. This redistribution of SMN to cytosolic FUS accumulations led to a decrease in axonal SMN. Finally, cell biological experiments showed that overexpression of SMN rescued the axonal defects induced by mutant FUS, suggesting that FUS mutations cause axonal defects through SMN. This study shows that neuronal aggregates formed by mutant FUS protein may aberrantly sequester SMN and concomitantly cause a reduction of SMN levels in the axon, leading to axonal defects. These data provide a functional link between ALS-linked FUS mutations, SMN and neuronal connectivity and support the idea that different motor neuron disorders such as SMA and ALS may be caused, in part, by defects in shared molecular pathways.
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2083
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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