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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (277)
  • 1995-1999  (277)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1940-1944
  • 1997  (277)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 1997-12-24
    Description: Radar observations of comet Hyakutake (C/1996 B2) made at the Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex in California have detected echoes from the nucleus and from large grains in the inner coma. The nucleus of this bright comet was estimated to be only 2 to 3 kilometers in diameter. Models of the coma echo indicate backscatter from porous, centimeter-size grains ejected anisotropically at velocities of tens of meters per second. The radar observations suggest that a comet's activity may be a poor indicator of its size and provide evidence that large grains constitute an important component of the mass loss from a typical active comet.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harmon -- Ostro -- Benner -- Rosema -- Jurgens -- Winkler -- Yeomans -- Choate -- Cormier -- Giorgini -- Mitchell -- Chodas -- Rose -- Kelley -- Slade -- Thomas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Dec 12;278(5345):1921-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉J. K. Harmon, National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center, Arecibo Observatory, Post Office Box 995, Arecibo, PR 00614, USA. S. J. Ostro, L. A. M. Benner, K. D. Rosema, R. F. Jurgens, R. Winkler, D. K. Yeomans, D. Choate, R. Cormier, J. D. Giorg.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9395389" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1997-11-21
    Description: The hypothesis that quiescent CD4+ T lymphocytes carrying proviral DNA provide a reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was examined. In a study of 22 patients successfully treated with HAART for up to 30 months, replication-competent virus was routinely recovered from resting CD4+ T lymphocytes. The frequency of resting CD4+ T cells harboring latent HIV-1 was low, 0.2 to 16.4 per 10(6) cells, and, in cross-sectional analysis, did not decrease with increasing time on therapy. The recovered viruses generally did not show mutations associated with resistance to the relevant antiretroviral drugs. This reservoir of nonevolving latent virus in resting CD4+ T cells should be considered in deciding whether to terminate treatment in patients who respond to HAART.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finzi, D -- Hermankova, M -- Pierson, T -- Carruth, L M -- Buck, C -- Chaisson, R E -- Quinn, T C -- Chadwick, K -- Margolick, J -- Brookmeyer, R -- Gallant, J -- Markowitz, M -- Ho, D D -- Richman, D D -- Siliciano, R F -- AI23871/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI27670/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI28108/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 14;278(5341):1295-300.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9360927" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/*virology ; Cell Separation ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; HIV Infections/*drug therapy/*virology ; HIV-1/drug effects/genetics/isolation & purification/*physiology ; Humans ; Immunologic Memory ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mutation ; Proviruses/physiology ; RNA, Viral/blood ; Time Factors ; Viral Load ; Viremia ; Virus Integration ; *Virus Latency ; *Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1997-07-11
    Description: Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C) disease, a fatal neurovisceral disorder, is characterized by lysosomal accumulation of low density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol. By positional cloning methods, a gene (NPC1) with insertion, deletion, and missense mutations has been identified in NP-C patients. Transfection of NP-C fibroblasts with wild-type NPC1 cDNA resulted in correction of their excessive lysosomal storage of LDL cholesterol, thereby defining the critical role of NPC1 in regulation of intracellular cholesterol trafficking. The 1278-amino acid NPC1 protein has sequence similarity to the morphogen receptor PATCHED and the putative sterol-sensing regions of SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carstea, E D -- Morris, J A -- Coleman, K G -- Loftus, S K -- Zhang, D -- Cummings, C -- Gu, J -- Rosenfeld, M A -- Pavan, W J -- Krizman, D B -- Nagle, J -- Polymeropoulos, M H -- Sturley, S L -- Ioannou, Y A -- Higgins, M E -- Comly, M -- Cooney, A -- Brown, A -- Kaneski, C R -- Blanchette-Mackie, E J -- Dwyer, N K -- Neufeld, E B -- Chang, T Y -- Liscum, L -- Strauss, J F 3rd -- Ohno, K -- Zeigler, M -- Carmi, R -- Sokol, J -- Markie, D -- O'Neill, R R -- van Diggelen, O P -- Elleder, M -- Patterson, M C -- Brady, R O -- Vanier, M T -- Pentchev, P G -- Tagle, D A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 11;277(5323):228-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9211849" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; *Carrier Proteins ; Cholesterol/*metabolism ; Cholesterol, LDL/metabolism ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18 ; Cloning, Molecular ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases/chemistry ; Insect Proteins/chemistry ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Lysosomes/metabolism ; *Membrane Glycoproteins ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Niemann-Pick Diseases/*genetics/metabolism ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Transfection
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1997-08-08
    Description: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the widespread development of distinctive tumors termed hamartomas. TSC-determining loci have been mapped to chromosomes 9q34 (TSC1) and 16p13 (TSC2). The TSC1 gene was identified from a 900-kilobase region containing at least 30 genes. The 8.6-kilobase TSC1 transcript is widely expressed and encodes a protein of 130 kilodaltons (hamartin) that has homology to a putative yeast protein of unknown function. Thirty-two distinct mutations were identified in TSC1, 30 of which were truncating, and a single mutation (2105delAAAG) was seen in six apparently unrelated patients. In one of these six, a somatic mutation in the wild-type allele was found in a TSC-associated renal carcinoma, which suggests that hamartin acts as a tumor suppressor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van Slegtenhorst, M -- de Hoogt, R -- Hermans, C -- Nellist, M -- Janssen, B -- Verhoef, S -- Lindhout, D -- van den Ouweland, A -- Halley, D -- Young, J -- Burley, M -- Jeremiah, S -- Woodward, K -- Nahmias, J -- Fox, M -- Ekong, R -- Osborne, J -- Wolfe, J -- Povey, S -- Snell, R G -- Cheadle, J P -- Jones, A C -- Tachataki, M -- Ravine, D -- Sampson, J R -- Reeve, M P -- Richardson, P -- Wilmer, F -- Munro, C -- Hawkins, T L -- Sepp, T -- Ali, J B -- Ward, S -- Green, A J -- Yates, J R -- Kwiatkowska, J -- Henske, E P -- Short, M P -- Haines, J H -- Jozwiak, S -- Kwiatkowski, D J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 8;277(5327):805-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University and University Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9242607" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/*genetics ; Exons ; *Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Humans ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Weight ; Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Tuberous Sclerosis/*genetics ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1997-08-15
    Description: The effects of the psychotomimetic drug phencyclidine on the neurochemistry and function of the prefrontal cortex in vervet monkeys were investigated. Monkeys treated with phencyclidine twice a day for 14 days displayed performance deficits on a task that was sensitive to prefrontal cortex function; the deficits were ameliorated by the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine. Repeated exposure to phencyclidine caused a reduction in both basal and evoked dopamine utilization in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a brain region that has long been associated with cognitive function. Behavioral deficits and decreased dopamine utilization remained after phencyclidine treatment was stopped, an indication that these effects were not simply due to direct drug effects. The data suggest that repeated administration of phencyclidine in monkeys may be useful for studying psychiatric disorders associated with cognitive dysfunction and dopamine hypofunction in the prefrontal cortex, particularly schizophrenia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jentsch, J D -- Redmond, D E Jr -- Elsworth, J D -- Taylor, J R -- Youngren, K D -- Roth, R H -- MH14092/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH44866/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- RSA K05-MH00643/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 15;277(5328):953-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9252326" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antipsychotic Agents/pharmacology ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Clozapine/pharmacology ; Cognition/*drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dopamine/*metabolism ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Humans ; Phencyclidine/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Prefrontal Cortex/*drug effects/metabolism ; Schizophrenia/chemically induced/drug therapy/metabolism ; Time Factors
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1997-09-26
    Description: To determine which proteinases are responsible for the lung destruction characteristic of pulmonary emphysema, macrophage elastase-deficient (MME-/-) mice were subjected to cigarette smoke. In contrast to wild-type mice, MME-/- mice did not have increased numbers of macrophages in their lungs and did not develop emphysema in response to long-term exposure to cigarette smoke. Smoke-exposed MME-/- mice that received monthly intratracheal instillations of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 showed accumulation of alveolar macrophages but did not develop air space enlargement. Thus, macrophage elastase is probably sufficient for the development of emphysema that results from chronic inhalation of cigarette smoke.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hautamaki, R D -- Kobayashi, D K -- Senior, R M -- Shapiro, S D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 26;277(5334):2002-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9302297" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Count ; Chemokine CCL2/pharmacology ; Gene Targeting ; Lung/pathology ; Macrophages, Alveolar/*enzymology/physiology ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 12 ; Metalloendopeptidases/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Neutrophils ; Plants, Toxic ; Pulmonary Alveoli/pathology ; Pulmonary Emphysema/enzymology/*etiology/pathology ; Smoke/adverse effects ; Smoking/*adverse effects ; Tobacco
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1997-11-21
    Description: In evaluating current combination drug regimens for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, it is important to determine the existence of viral reservoirs. After depletion of CD8 cells from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of both patients and normal donors, activation of patient CD4 lymphocytes with immobilized antibodies to CD3 and CD28 enabled the isolation of virus from PBMCs of six patients despite the suppression of their plasma HIV RNA to fewer than 50 copies per milliliter for up to 2 years. Partial sequencing of HIV pol revealed no new drug resistance mutations or discernible evolution, providing evidence for viral latency rather than drug failure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wong, J K -- Hezareh, M -- Gunthard, H F -- Havlir, D V -- Ignacio, C C -- Spina, C A -- Richman, D D -- AI 01361/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 27670/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 38858/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 14;278(5341):1291-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9360926" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/*therapeutic use ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/*virology ; Coculture Techniques ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; HIV Infections/*drug therapy/*virology ; HIV-1/genetics/isolation & purification/*physiology ; Humans ; Immunologic Memory ; Indinavir/therapeutic use ; Lamivudine/therapeutic use ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mutation ; RNA, Viral/analysis/blood ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology/virology ; Viral Load ; Viremia/*drug therapy/virology ; Virus Activation ; Virus Latency ; Virus Replication ; Zidovudine/therapeutic use
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1997-02-21
    Description: In a cell-free apoptosis system, mitochondria spontaneously released cytochrome c, which activated DEVD-specific caspases, leading to fodrin cleavage and apoptotic nuclear morphology. Bcl-2 acted in situ on mitochondria to prevent the release of cytochrome c and thus caspase activation. During apoptosis in intact cells, cytochrome c translocation was similarly blocked by Bcl-2 but not by a caspase inhibitor, zVAD-fmk. In vitro, exogenous cytochrome c bypassed the inhibitory effect of Bcl-2. Cytochrome c release was unaccompanied by changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. Thus, Bcl-2 acts to inhibit cytochrome c translocation, thereby blocking caspase activation and the apoptotic process.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kluck, R M -- Bossy-Wetzel, E -- Green, D R -- Newmeyer, D D -- CA69381/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM50284/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM52735/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 21;275(5303):1132-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9027315" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Extracts ; Cell-Free System ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Cytochrome c Group/*metabolism ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Membrane Potentials ; Microfilament Proteins/metabolism ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Ovum ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Recombinant Proteins ; Xenopus
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cork, L C -- Clarkson, T B -- Jacoby, R O -- Gaertner, D J -- Leary, S L -- Linn, J M -- Pakes, S P -- Ringler, D H -- Strandberg, J D -- Swindle, M M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):758-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9157554" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Welfare ; Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Financing, Government ; Laboratory Animal Science/*economics/education ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics ; Research/*economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States ; Veterinary Medicine/economics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1997-01-31
    Description: Glaucoma is a major cause of blindness and is characterized by progressive degeneration of the optic nerve and is usually associated with elevated intraocular pressure. Analyses of sequence tagged site (STS) content and haplotype sharing between families affected with chromosome 1q-linked open angle glaucoma (GLC1A) were used to prioritize candidate genes for mutation screening. A gene encoding a trabecular meshwork protein (TIGR) mapped to the narrowest disease interval by STS content and radiation hybrid mapping. Thirteen glaucoma patients were found to have one of three mutations in this gene (3.9 percent of the population studied). One of these mutations was also found in a control individual (0.2 percent). Identification of these mutations will aid in early diagnosis, which is essential for optimal application of existing therapies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, E M -- Fingert, J H -- Alward, W L -- Nguyen, T D -- Polansky, J R -- Sunden, S L -- Nishimura, D -- Clark, A F -- Nystuen, A -- Nichols, B E -- Mackey, D A -- Ritch, R -- Kalenak, J W -- Craven, E R -- Sheffield, V C -- EY02477/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY08905/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY10564/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 31;275(5300):668-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9005853" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast ; *Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 ; Cytoskeletal Proteins ; Eye Proteins/*genetics ; Female ; Genetic Linkage ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle/*genetics ; *Glycoproteins ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Pedigree ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Sequence Tagged Sites ; Trabecular Meshwork/*metabolism
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