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  • 1
    Unknown
    Present and Future of the Cosmic Microwave Background : Proceedings of the Workshop Held in Santander, Spain 28 June – 1 July 1993 (1994)
    Berlin ; Heidelberg : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9783540577553
    URL: http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?genre=book&isbn=978-3-540-57755-3
    Language: English
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    E-BOOK
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progress in biopulping of non-woody materials: Chemical, enzymatic and ultrastructural aspects of wheat straw delignification with ligninolytic fungi from the genus Pleurotus (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology reviews 13 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6976
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract: During screening of basidiomycetes for wheat straw delignification, considerable lignin degradation with a limited attack to cellulose was attained with Pleurotus eryngii. Straw solid-state fermentation (SSF) was optimized, and the enzymatic mechanisms for lignin degradation were investigated. No lignin peroxidase was detected under liquid or SSF conditions, but high laccase and aryl-alcohol oxidase levels were found. The latter enzyme has been fully characterized in PI. eryngii and it seems to be involved in a cyclic redox system for H202 generation from aromatic compounds. Results obtained using homoveratric acid suggest that Pleurotus laccase could be involved in degradation of phenolic and non-phenolic lignin moieties. Histological and ultrastructural studies provided some general morphological characteristics of the fungal attack on wheat straw. Whereas a simultaneous degradation pattern was observed in straw treated with Phanerochaete chrysosporium, PI. eryngii caused partial degradation of middle lamella and separation of individual sclerenchymatic fibers. When these straw samples were subjected to refining tests, energy saving after biological treatment was the highest in the case of straw treated with PI. eryngii, which also produced the lowest substrate loss. From these results, a correlation between preferential removal of lignin, separation of sclerenchymatic fibers and pulping properties was provided during fungal treatment of wheat straw.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00047.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isobutane/2-butene alkylation on MCM-22 catalyst. Influence of zeolite structure and acidity on activity and selectivity (1994)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 28 (1994), S. 187-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: isobutane/2-butene alkylation ; zeolites ; MCM-22 ; USY ; beta ; mordenite ; ZSM-5 ; influence of structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The catalytic behavior of the novel MCM-22 zeolite for the continuous alkylation of isobutane with 2-butene has been investigated at a temperature of 50°C, 2.5 MPa total pressure, and a variety of olefin space velocities. At high olefin conversions the MCM-22 zeolite showed a very high initial cracking activity attributable to strong Brønsted acid sites, as well as to the existence of strong diffusional restrictions of the TMP's (formed inside the zeolite) to exit through the channels. At short times on stream (TOS), TMP's account for ca. 40% of the C8 fraction. The olefin conversion and the cracking activity rapidly decline with TOS, while the alkylate product became richer in dimethylhexenes, indicating a predominance of 2-butene dimerization and a loss of hydrogen transfer activity as the catalyst aged. Moreover, MCM-22 gives less TMP's than large-pore zeolites (USY, beta, mordenite), but more than the mediumpore ZSM-5 at similar 2-butene conversion. The latter catalyst was much more selective for olefin dimerization than for isobutane alkylation, presumably because formation of the bulkier TMP's was strongly impeded in its smaller pores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00806048
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brain met-enkephalin immunostaining after subacute and subchronic exposure to benzene (1994)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 52 (1994), S. 163-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197373
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogen-peroxide-producing system ofPleurotus eryngii involving the extracellular enzyme aryl-alcohol oxidase (1994)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 41 (1994), S. 465-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid on the production of extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by the ligninolytic fungusPleurotus eryngii was investigated. It was found that an equilibrium between oxidative and reductive reactions of these compounds is established, leading to the continuous production of H2O2. A multienzymatic cyclic system is proposed in which H2O2 is produced extracellularly by the action of aryl-alcohol oxidase on benzyl alcohol, the most abundant compound after redox reactions, and to a lower extent on benzaldehyde. The oxidation products of these reactions, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid, are reduced by intracellular dehydrogenases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00939037
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on homoveratric acid transformation by the ligninolytic fungus Pleurotus eryngii (1994)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 41 (1994), S. 500-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Homoveratric acid (HVA) degradation was observed in cultures of Pleurotus eryngii lacking lignin peroxidase (LiP) activity. Extracellular enzymes seemed responsible for this transformation, and the lack of activity after ultrafiltration of the culture liquid suggests that the presence of some low-molecular-size compounds is required. This hypothesis is supported by rapid HVA transformation after addition of the synthetic laccase substrate 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) to the ultrafiltered liquid. HVA transformation by the extracellular enzymes from P. eryngii takes place via Cα-Cβ breakdown and formation of veratryl alcohol, which is further transformed into veratraldehyde. The same major compounds were found during HVA transformation by LiP from Phanerochaete chrysosporium, but this reaction was not stimulated by ABTS. Although the involvement of other enzymes cannot be ruled out, purified laccase from Pleurotus eryngii caused the same HVA transformation pattern in presence of ABTS. Moreover, veratryl alcohol oxidation by P. eryngii laccase was demonstrated in the presence of ABTS. These results suggest that enzymatic systems lacking LiP could be responsible for natural degradation of lignin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00178479
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogen-peroxide-producing system ofPleurotus eryngii involving the extracellular enzyme aryl-alcohol oxidase (1994)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 41 (1994), S. 465-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid on the production of extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by the ligninolytic fungusPleurotus eryngii was investigated. It was found that an equilibrium between oxidative and reductive reactions of these compounds is established, leading to the continuous production of H2O2. A multienzymatic cyclic system is proposed in which H2O2 is produced extracellularly by the action of aryl-alcohol oxidase on benzyl alcohol, the most abundant compound after redox reactions, and to a lower extent on benzaldehyde. The oxidation products of these reactions, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid, are reduced by intracellular dehydrogenases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01982537
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogen-peroxide-producing system of Pleurotus eryngii involving the extracellular enzyme aryl-alcohol oxidase (1994)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 41 (1994), S. 465-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid on the production of extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by the ligninolytic fungus Pleurotus eryngii was investigated. It was found that an equilibrium between oxidative and reductive reactions of these compounds is established, leading to the continuous production of H2O2. A multienzymatic cyclic system is proposed in which H2O2 is produced extracellularly by the action of aryl-alcohol oxidase on benzyl alcohol, the most abundant compound after redox reactions, and to a lower extent on benzaldehyde. The oxidation products of these reactions, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid, are reduced by intracellular dehydrogenases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01982537
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous limonin degradation by immobilized Rhodococcus fascians cells in K-carrageenan (1994)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 41 (1994), S. 487-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Keywords: Key words Limonin ; Debittering ; Immobilization ; Rhodococcus fascians ; Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Limonin can be effectively degraded by Rhodococcus fascians cells. These bacteria can be entrapped in κ-carrageenan, and used in a continuous stirred tank reactor to degrade limonin in a continuous process. The effects of temperature, limonin concentration, dilution rate, and aeration on the reactor behaviour have been tested, and the results correlated with changes in limonin conversion, substrate degradation rate, and free and immobilized biomass. Results showed that the immobilized cells were able to debitter limonin-containing media and the immobilized biomass was quite stable throughout the operational conditions tested. A population of free biomass was present in the reactor, the quantity of which was dependent on dilution rate. The immobilized bacteria increased its limonin-degrading capability when the substrate concentration was increased. The aeration was not strictly necessary for limonin degradation. Additionally, the immobilized cells were active and stable for more than 2 months of continuous operation, and were able to recover their limonin-degrading capability when used intermittently. Finally, none of the main components of a juice was noticeably altered during limonin degradation, so the reactor response was good enough to consider its application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01982541
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on homoveratric acid transformation by the ligninolytic fungus Pleurotus eryngii (1994)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 41 (1994), S. 500-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  Homoveratric acid (HVA) degradation was observed in cultures of Pleurotus eryngii lacking lignin peroxidase (LiP) activity. Extracellular enzymes seemed responsible for this transformation, and the lack of activity after ultrafiltration of the culture liquid suggests that the presence of some low-molecular-size compounds is required. This hypothesis is supported by rapid HVA transformation after addition of the synthetic laccase substrate 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) to the ultrafiltered liquid. HVA transformation by the extracellular enzymes from P. eryngii takes place via Cα–Cβ breakdown and formation of veratryl alcohol, which is further transformed into veratraldehyde. The same major compounds were found during HVA transformation by LiP from Phanerochaete chrysosporium, but this reaction was not stimulated by ABTS. Although the involvement of other enzymes cannot be ruled out, purified laccase from Pleurotus eryngii caused the same HVA transformation pattern in presence of ABTS. Moreover, veratryl alcohol oxidation by P. eryngii laccase was demonstrated in the presence of ABTS. These results suggest that enzymatic systems lacking LiP could be responsible for natural degradation of lignin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530050180
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