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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 132 (1992), S. 1062-1085 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: From the mid-1950s right through the late 1970s jobs in urban China were largely treated as a welfare benefit; life-time employment was the norm and there was neither a buyer's market nor a seller's market for labour. In the state sector hiring was done on the basis of annual quotas established by national level ministries which in turn allocated openings to subordinate offices and factories within each bureaucratic chain of command. For those entering the labour force for the first time, job seeking was defined as “waiting for an assignment” (dai ye) and placement was usually handled within secondary schools by classroom teachers. For those already employed by a state unit, moving to a new employer was a “transfer” (or diao dong) and required appeals to at least two supervisory levels within the firm, and then approval from the administrative supervisors for both new and old employers. For CCP members there were additional sanctioning bodies in the Party hierarchy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1992-01-01
    Description: We have developed and tested a practical device for manually separating pollen from pollen concentrates in sufficient quantity for AMS 14C dating. It is a combination of standard, commercially available equipment handled in a clean room by an individual trained to recognize pollen. A typical example requires about 15–20 h of hand-picking under the microscope. We show the usefulness of this procedure with results on a mid-Holocene segment from a core from Mono Lake. Sediments from this hardwater lake contain pollen and finely disseminated organic matter, but no macrofossils. The pollen dated ca. 1000 yr younger than the bulk sediment. The sediment “date” is most likely affected by incorporation of limestone-derived carbon, and is erroneously old.
    Print ISSN: 0033-8222
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-5755
    Topics: Archaeology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1992-01-01
    Description: We report on the present status of the Lawrence Livermore AMS spectrometer, including sample throughput and progress towards routine 1% measurement capability for 14C, first results on other isotopes and experience with a multisample high-intensity ion source.
    Print ISSN: 0033-8222
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-5755
    Topics: Archaeology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1992-05-01
    Description: Benard convection of a two-component liquid is considered. The liquid displays Soret effects and the boundary temperatures are fiXed to span the solidification temperature of the miXture. Near the lower, heated plate the material is liquid and near the upper cooled plate there is a layer of pure solid solvent; all the solute is rejected during freezing. Linear stability theory is used to determine the effects on the critical conditions for Soret convection in the presence of the solidified layer and the interface between solid and liquid. EXperiments on miXtures of ethyl alcohol and water are performed using interferometry, photography and thermocouple measurements. The measured onset of instability to travelling waves at negative Soret coefficient compares well with those predicted by our linear theory. In the absence of ice the waves develop at finite amplitude to a fiXed-amplitude state. However, when ice is present, these waves fail to persist but evolve to a state of steady finite-amplitude (overturning) convection. These differences are attributed to the presence of the ice and the nonlinear density profile of the basic state, both of which act as sources of non-Boussinesq effects. © 1992, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1992-04-01
    Description: Matched asymptotic expansion methods are used to establish governing equations of Oseen type for a tethered sphere that describes a circular path and a stationary sphere subjected to a rotating fluid in an ‘antisedimentation’tube. The two cases are shown to be significantly different, in contrast to an earlier presentation (Davis & Brenner 1986), because only the latter is subject to the Coriolis force. The evaluation of the force and torque coefficients is much improved, enabling better comparisons to be made with the classical rectilinear trajectory result of Proudman & Pearson (1957). © 1992, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1992-03-01
    Description: The motion of a heavy sphere sedimenting through a dilute background suspension of neutrally buoyant spheres is analysed for small Reynolds number and large Péclet number. For this particular problem, it is possible not only to calculate the mean velocity of the heavy particle, but also the variance of the velocity and the coefficient of hydrodynamic diffusivity. Pairwise, hydrodynamic interactions between the heavy sphere and the background sphere are considered exactly using volume integrals and a trajectory analysis. Explicit formulae are given for the two limiting cases when the radius of the heavy sphere is much greater and much less than that of the background spheres, and numerical results are given for moderate size ratios. The mean velocity is relatively insensitive to the ratio of the radius of the background spheres to that of the heavy sphere, unless this ratio is very large, whereas the hydrodynamic diffusivity increases rapidly as the radius ratio is increased. The predictions are in reasonable agreement with the results of falling-ball rheometry experiments.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1992-01-01
    Description: This paper illustrates the manner in which inceased political and community interest in Antarctica is shifting the focus of Australian Antarctic research towards environmental management, creating tensions amongst bureaucrats and scientists as to programme priorities and funding allocations, and argues the existence of three distinct eras, each with particular chacteristics and orientation, but all reflecting political and scientific perspectives about Antarctic at the relevant time: (a) idosyncratic individualism in the ‘heroic age’ of Antarctic exploration 1890–1945; (b) hydra-headed science programmes within the Antarctic Treaty system 1945–1959–1990; and (c) prospective maturity management of the Antarctic environment in the post-CRAMRA era, 1990 onwards.
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
    Electronic ISSN: 1475-3057
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1992-01-01
    Description: Pollen analysis and five radiocarbon dates of a 687-cm core provide a detailed chronology of environmental change in a marsh at the head of Newport Bay, Orange County, California. Sediment deposition kept pace with sea-level rise during the early history of the marsh. From ca. 7000 to 4500 yr B.P. the site was a freshwater marsh, trees were more abundant than today, and grassland was the regional vegetation. As sea level rose, salt marsh gradually invaded the site. Brief periods of freshwater marsh 3800, 2800, 2300, and after 560 yr B.P. correlate with episodes of global cooling during the Neoglacial. The historic period is marked by the appearance of exotic species (particularly Erodium cf. cicutarium and Eucalyptus) and the spores of fungi (Sporormiella and Thecaphora). Peak influx of pollen, spores, and charcoal probably reflect greater frequency of flooding and erosion ca. 5000 yr B.P. and during the last 1000 yr.
    Print ISSN: 0033-5894
    Electronic ISSN: 1096-0287
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1992-07-01
    Description: Paleomagnetic records are used to correlate sedimentary sequences from pluvial Lakes Chewaucan and Russell in the western Great Basin. This correlation is the basis for age control in the relatively poorly dated sequence from Lake Chewaucan. The resulting chronology supports a lack of sedimentation in Lake Chewaucan during the interval 27,400 to 23,200 yr B.P., an assertion supported by the presence of a lag deposit at the corresponding stratigraphic horizon. Because the Lake Chewaucan outcrop (near Summer Lake, Oregon) is near the bottom of the lake basin, we conclude that Lake Chewaucan was at a lowstand during this time interval. The Chewaucan lowstand is coeval with the lowstand accompanying the Wizard's Beach Recession (isotope stage 3) previously seen in the geologic record from nearby pluvial Lake Lahontan. The ages of six tephra layers, including the Trego Hot Springs tephra, were also estimated using the paleomagnetic correlation. Together, the new age of the Trego Hot Springs tephra (21,800 yr B.P.) and the lake surface level prehistory of Lake Chewaucan imply a revised model for the lake surface level prehistory of Lake Lahontan. The revised model includes a longer duration for the Wizard's Beach Recession and the occurrence of a younger lowstand of short duration soon after the lowstand corresponding to the Wizard's Beach Recession.
    Print ISSN: 0033-5894
    Electronic ISSN: 1096-0287
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1992-09-01
    Description: A long-wave evolution equation is used to study a falling film on a vertical plate. For certain wavenumbers there exists a two-dimensional strongly nonlinear permanent wave. A new secondary instability is identified in which the three-dimensional disturbance is spatially synchronous with the two-dimensional wave. The instability grows for sufficiently small cross-stream wavenumbers and does not require a threshold amplitude the two-dimensional wave is always unstable. In addition, the nonlinear evolution of three-dimensional layers is studied by posing various initial-value problems and numerically integrating the long-wave evolution equation. © 1992, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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