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  • 1
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    Effects of spaceflight in the adductor longus muscle of rats flown in the Soviet Biosatellite COSMOS 2044. A study employing neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) immunocytochemistry and conventional morphological techniques (light and electron microscopy) (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The effects of spaceflight upon the "slow" muscle adductor longus were examined in rats flown in the Soviet Biosatellite COSMOS 2044. The techniques employed included standard methods for light microscopy, neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Light microscopic observations revealed myofiber atrophy and segmental necrosis accompanied by cellular infiltrates composed of macrophages, leukocytes and mononuclear cells. Neural cell adhesion molecule immunoreactivity (N-CAM-IR) was seen on the myofiber surface and in regenerating myofibers. Ultrastructural alterations included Z band streaming, disorganization of myofibrillar architecture, sarcoplasmic degradation, extensive segmental necrosis with apparent preservation of the basement membrane, degenerative phenomena of the capillary endothelium and cellular invasion of necrotic areas. Regenerating myofibers were identified by the presence of increased amounts of ribosomal aggregates and chains of polyribosomes associated with myofilaments. The principal electron microscopic changes of the neuromuscular junctions showed axon terminals with a decrease or absence of synaptic vesicles replaced by microtubules and neurofilaments, degeneration of axon terminals, vacant axonal spaces and changes suggestive of axonal sprouting. The present observations suggest that alterations such as myofibrillar disruption and necrosis, muscle regeneration and denervation and synaptic remodeling at the level of the neuromuscular junction may take place during spaceflight.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology (ISSN 0022-3069); Volume 51; 4; 415-31
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  • 2
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    Pulsed high-energy gamma-rays from the radio pulsar PSR1706-44 (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Gamma radiation above 100 MeV in energy has been detected from the radio pulsar PSR1706-44. The gamma emission forms a single broad peak within the pulsar period of 102 ms, in contrast to the two narrow peaks seen in the other three known high-energy gamma-ray pulsars. The emission mechanism in all cases is probably the same, the differences arising from the geometry of the magnetic and rotation axes and the line of sight. Gamma-ray emission accounts for as much as 1 percent of the total neutron star spindown energy in these pulsars, much more than emerges at optical or radio frequencies. Thus, study of this emission is important in understanding pulsar emission and evolution.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 359; 6396; p. 615, 616.
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  • 3
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    The simulation of multispectral composite satellite imagery on 8-bit color workstations (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A technique is described which combines up to three channels of imagery into a single 8-bit composite color image. Each image controls a specific color or colors (red, green, or blue) in the resultant color composite image, allowing for improved interpretation of scene characteristics. The technique is a useful tool for the forecaster and satellite image analyst. In addition to providing the capability of displaying multichannel images on an 8-bit desktop color workstation, the technique allows sophisticated image manipulation to be performed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: In: Conference on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, 6th, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 5-10, 1992, Preprints (A93-36051 14-47); p. J92-J95.
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  • 4
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    A high-frequency survey of the southern Galactic plane for pulsars (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Results of an HF survey designed to detect young, distant, and short-period pulsars are presented. The survey detected a total of 100 pulsars, 46 of which were previously unknown. The periods of the newly discovered pulsars range between 47 ms and 2.5 ms. One of the new discoveries, PSR 1259-63, is a member of a long-period binary system. At least three of the pulsars have ages less than 30,000 yr, bringing the total number of such pulsars to 12. The majority of the new discoveries are distant objects with high dispersion measures, which are difficult to detect at low frequencies. This demonstrates that the survey has reduced the severe selection effects of pulse scattering, high Galactic background temperature, and dispersion broadening, which hamper the detection of such pulsars at low radio frequencies. The pulsar distribution in the southern Galaxy is found to extend much further from the Galactic center than that in the north, probably due to two prominent spiral arms in the southern Galaxy.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices (ISSN 0035-8711); 255; 401-411
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  • 5
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    Galileo trajectory design (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The trajectory design of the Galileo spacecraft is examined. The Galileo spacecraft was launched on a six-year long trip to Jupiter in October 1989. A new Venus-Earth-Earth-Gravity Assist (VEEGA) trajectory mode is being used for the transfer to Jupiter and involves two phasing orbits around the sun and gravity-assist flybys with Venus. The aggregate delta V acquired from these flybys is 18.3 km/s. The interplanetary trajectory includes a close flyby of asteroid 951-Gaspra in October 1991 and a possible flyby of 243-Ida in August 1993. After arrival at Jupiter in December 1995, the previously released Galileo atmospheric probe will relay data to earth via the Galileo Orbiter. The orbital phase of the mission will involve 10 orbits of Jupiter over a 22 month period. In this phase the Orbiter will use repeated gravity-assisted flybys of Europa, Ganymede and Callisto during which Jupiter, its magnetosphere and the Galilean satellites will be investigated. The mission is scheduled to end in October 1997.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Space Science Reviews (ISSN 0038-6308); 60; 1-4,
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  • 6
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    Applying an 8-bit multispectral color-composite image simulation technique to operational real-time AVHRR data (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Geophysics Directorate's 8-bit multispectral color-composite image display technique has been installed on the Satellite Data Processing System at the German Military Geophysical Office in Traben-Trarbach, Germany. The technique simulates 24-bit full-color composites on 8-bit color workstations, combining image data from the NOAA multispectral Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. The real-time application of this technique to operational satellite data is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 73; 6, Ju
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  • 7
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    A new explicit variable time-integration self-starting methodology for computational structural dynamics (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A new explicit variable time-integration methodology and architecture which possesses self-starting attributes, eliminates the need to involve acceleration computations, and which has improved accuracy characteristics in comparison to the traditional central-difference-type formulations customarily advocated is described for applicability to computational structural dynamics. To sharpen the focus of the present study, an explicit variable time-integration architecture which is relatively simple, yet effective, is described. Unlike variable explicit time-integration formulations adopted in the past, the present self-starting variable time-integration architecture and implementation aspects facilitate a simplified representation and a straightforward and effective approach for combining finite element meshes requiring different time steps in a single analysis. Numerical test cases are provided which demonstrate the applicability of the proposed formulations.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering (ISSN 0029-5981); 33; 6 Ap
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  • 8
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    Intermittent acceleration as a countermeasure to soleus muscle atrophy (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The effectiveness of using intermittent acceleration as a countermeasure to muscle atrophy was investigated in rats subjected to 7 days of hindlimb suspension interrupted by daily periods of 1.2 g acceleration, for 15-min periods evenly spaced over 12-hr interval. It was found that this regimen, when repeated for 7 days, failed to completely maintain the mass of soleus muscle, which was 84 percent of control.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology (ISSN 8750-7587); 72; 428-433
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  • 9
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    Coordinating space telescope operations in an integrated planning and scheduling architecture (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The Heuristic Scheduling Testbed System (HSTS), a software architecture for integrated planning and scheduling, is discussed. The architecture has been applied to the problem of generating observation schedules for the Hubble Space Telescope. This problem is representative of the class of problems that can be addressed: their complexity lies in the interaction of resource allocation and auxiliary task expansion. The architecture deals with this interaction by viewing planning and scheduling as two complementary aspects of the more general process of constructing behaviors of a dynamical system. The principal components of the software architecture are described, indicating how to model the structure and dynamics of a system, how to represent schedules at multiple levels of abstraction in the temporal database, and how the problem solving machinery operates. A scheduler for the detailed management of Hubble Space Telescope operations that has been developed within HSTS is described. Experimental performance results are given that indicate the utility and practicality of the approach.
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: IEEE Control Systems Magazine (ISSN 0272-1708); 12; 28-37
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  • 10
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    Emissivity of terrestrial materials in the 8-14 microns atmospheric window (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Remotely sensed infrared radiance emitted by a surface is a function both of its kinetic temperature and its spectral emissivity. Consequently, assumptions are usually made about the emissivity of earth surface materials to allow their temperatures to be determined, or vice versa. To increase the accuracy of these assumptions, the directional hemispherical spectral reflectance of a wide range of natural earth surface materials has been measured and is summarized here. These include igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks, desert varnish, soils, vegetation, water, and ice. Kirchhoff's Law can be used to predict directional spectral emissivity from these data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 42; 2; p. 83-106.
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