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  • 1
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    An Analytical Framework for Determining the Ecological Risks of Wastewater Discharges in River Networks Under Climate Change (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-14
    Description: Over the last decades, treatment of domestic wastewater promoted by environmental regulations have reduced human health risks and improved water quality. However, ecological risks caused by effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) discharged into rivers still persist. Moreover, the evolution of these ecological risks in the future is intimately related to effects of changing climate, especially regarding streamflow in receiving rivers. Here, we present an analytical and transferable framework for assessing the ecological risks posed by WWTP‐effluents at the catchment scale. The framework combines the size‐class k of WWTPs, which is a load‐proxy, with their outflows' location in river networks, represented by stream‐order ω. We identify ecological risks by using three proxy indicators: the urban discharge fraction and the local‐scale concentrations of each total phosphorous and ammonium‐nitrogen discharged from WWTPs. About 3,200 WWTPs over three large catchments (Rhine, Elbe, and Weser) in Central Europe were analyzed by incorporating simulated streamflow for the most extreme projected climate change scenario. We found that WWTPs causing ecological risks in the future prevail in lower ω, across almost all k. Distinct patterns of ecological risks are identified in the k‐ω framework for different indicators and catchments. We show, as climate changes, intensified risks are especially expected in lower ω receiving effluents of intermediate‐k WWTPs. We discuss the implications of our findings for prioritizing WWTPs upgrading and urging updates on environmental regulations. Further discussions underline the feasibility of applying the framework to any geographical regions and highlight its potentials to help in achieving global long‐term commitments on freshwater security.
    Description: Key Points: An analytical, generic framework was developed to assess wastewater treatment plants causing ecological risks in rivers under climate change. Smaller streams will face higher ecological risks for almost all load classes of wastewater treatment plants in future climate. Of the legally regulated effluent parameters for treated wastewater, ammonium‐nitrogen concentration will pose the greatest ecological risk.
    Description: Helmholtz Association http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009318
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; analytical assessment framework ; wastewater treatment plants emissions ; river stream‐order ; dilution ; local‐scale nutrients concentrations
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 2
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    A Process-Based Framework to Characterize and Classify Runoff Events: The Event Typology of Germany (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-14
    Description: This study proposes a new process-based framework to characterize and classify runoff events of various magnitudes occurring in a wide range of catchments. The framework uses dimensionless indicators that characterize space–time dynamics of precipitation events and their spatial interaction with antecedent catchment states, described as snow cover, distribution of frozen soils, and soil moisture content. A rigorous uncertainty analysis showed that the developed indicators are robust and regionally consistent. Relying on covariance- and ratio-based indicators leads to reduced classification uncertainty compared to commonly used (event-based) indicators based on absolute values of metrics such as duration, volume, and intensity of precipitation events. The event typology derived from the proposed framework is able to stratify events that exhibit distinct hydrograph dynamics even if streamflow is not directly used for classification. The derived typology is therefore able to capture first-order controls of event runoff response in a wide variety of catchments. Application of this typology to about 180,000 runoff events observed in 392 German catchments revealed six distinct regions with homogeneous event type frequency that match well regions with similar behavior in terms of runoff response identified in Germany. The detected seasonal pattern of event type occurrence is regionally consistent and agrees well with the seasonality of hydroclimatic conditions. The proposed framework can be a useful tool for comparative analyses of regional differences and similarities of runoff generation processes at catchment scale and their possible spatial and temporal evolution.
    Keywords: 551.48 ; event classification ; event type ; rainfall-runoff events ; event typology ; event characteristics ; runoff generation mechanisms
    Language: English
    Type: map
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  • 3
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    Causative classification of river flood events (2019)
    In:  Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: A wide variety of processes controls the time of occurrence, duration, extent, and severity of river floods. Classifying flood events by their causative processes may assist in enhancing the accuracy of local and regional flood frequency estimates and support the detection and interpretation of any changes in flood occurrence and magnitudes. This paper provides a critical review of existing causative classifications of instrumental and preinstrumental series of flood events, discusses their validity and applications, and identifies opportunities for moving toward more comprehensive approaches. So far no unified definition of causative mechanisms of flood events exists. Existing frameworks for classification of instrumental and preinstrumental series of flood events adopt different perspectives: hydroclimatic (large‐scale circulation patterns and atmospheric state at the time of the event), hydrological (catchment scale precipitation patterns and antecedent catchment state), and hydrograph‐based (indirectly considering generating mechanisms through their effects on hydrograph characteristics). All of these approaches intend to capture the flood generating mechanisms and are useful for characterizing the flood processes at various spatial and temporal scales. However, uncertainty analyses with respect to indicators, classification methods, and data to assess the robustness of the classification are rarely performed which limits the transferability across different geographic regions. It is argued that more rigorous testing is needed. There are opportunities for extending classification methods to include indicators of space–time dynamics of rainfall, antecedent wetness, and routing effects, which will make the classification schemes even more useful for understanding and estimating floods.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 4
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    Understanding heavy tails of flood peak distributions (2022)
    In:  Water Resources Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-11
    Description: Statistical distributions of flood peak discharges often show heavy tail behavior, i.e., extreme floods are more likely to occur than would be predicted by commonly used distributions that have exponential asymptotic behavior. This heavy tail behavior may surprise flood managers and citizens, as human intuition tends to expect light tail behavior, and the heaviness of the tails is very difficult to predict, which may lead to unnecessarily high flood damage. Despite its high importance, the literature on the heavy tail behavior of flood distributions is rather fragmented. In this review, we provide a coherent overview of the processes causing heavy flood tails and the implications for science and practice. Specifically, we propose nine hypotheses on the mechanisms causing heavy tails in flood peak distributions related to processes in the atmosphere, the catchment and the river system. We then discuss to which extent the current knowledge supports or contradicts these hypotheses. We also discuss the statistical conditions for the emergence of heavy tail behavior based on derived distribution theory and relate them to the hypotheses and flood generation mechanisms. We review the degree to which the heaviness of the tails can be predicted from process knowledge and data. Finally, we recommend further research towards testing the hypotheses and improving the prediction of heavy tails.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 5
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    Estimation of extreme floods using a statistical and conceptual model of the hydrological response (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-27
    Description: The robust estimation of extreme flood magnitude in poorly observed or ungauged basins is of critical importance for designing mitigation measures, particularly in the presence of anthropogenic environmental change and accelerating climatic changes. Traditional methods for estimating flood extremes are strongly limited by the availability of sufficiently long timeseries as these are typically designed to use annual maxima or a few values above a high threshold. In the present work we use a recent statistical model, the Metastatistical Extreme Values (MEV) distribution, in combination with a conceptual model of flood generation processes, the Phisically-based Extreme Values (PhEV) distribution, to explore the possible estimation of high quantiles where few or no observations exist. The main novelty of the approach is the ability of extracting extreme streamflow values from "ordinary" streamflow peaks and to provide a characterization based on a limited and physically meaningful set of hydrological parameters. The proposed methodology aims to overcome limitations in data availability by exploiting the relatively large number of daily observations available even in short time series (as opposed to the low number of yearly maxima) and a few hydrological attributes of the catchment that may be "guessed" on the basis of limited information. A large-scale application on 178 catchments in Germany allows us to formulate a reliable calibration technique and to show its controllable estimation uncertainty: the median relative error computed on predicted extreme streamflow values is globally contained between -25% and +50%:.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 6
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    AgMIP-Wheat multi-model simulations on climate change impact and adaptation for global wheat (2023)
    In:  Open Data Journal for Agricultural Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-06
    Description: The climate change impact and adaptation simulations from the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) for wheat provide a unique dataset of multi-model ensemble simulations for 60 representative global locations covering all global wheat mega environments. The multi-model ensemble reported here has been thoroughly benchmarked against a large number of experimental data, including different locations, growing season temperatures, atmospheric CO2 concentration, heat stress scenarios, and their interactions. In this paper, we describe the main characteristics of this global simulation dataset. Detailed cultivar, crop management, and soil datasets were compiled for all locations to drive 32 wheat growth models. The dataset consists of 30-year simulated data including 25 output variables for nine climate scenarios, including Baseline (1980-2010) with 360 or 550 ppm CO2, Baseline +2oC or +4oC with 360 or 550 ppm CO2, a mid-century climate change scenario (RCP8.5, 571 ppm CO2), and 1.5°C (423 ppm CO2) and 2.0oC (487 ppm CO2) warming above the pre-industrial period (HAPPI). This global simulation dataset can be used as a benchmark from a well-tested multi-model ensemble in future analyses of global wheat. Also, resource use efficiency (e.g., for radiation, water, and nitrogen use) and uncertainty analyses under different climate scenarios can be explored at different scales. The DOI for the dataset is 10.5281/zenodo.4027033 (AgMIP-Wheat, 2020), and all the data are available on the data repository of Zenodo (doi: 10.5281/zenodo.4027033). Two scientific publications have been published based on some of these data here.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 7
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    Residual correlation and ensemble modelling to improve crop and grassland models (2023)
    In:  Environmental Modelling and Software
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-10
    Description: Multi-model ensembles are becoming increasingly accepted for the estimation of agricultural carbon-nitrogen fluxes, productivity and sustainability. There is mounting evidence that with some site-specific observations available for model calibration (with vegetation data as a minimum requirement), median outputs assimilated from biogeochemical models (multi-model medians) provide more accurate simulations than individual models. Here, we evaluate potential deficiencies in how model ensembles represent (in relation to climatic factors) the processes underlying biogeochemical outputs in complex agricultural systems such as grassland and crop rotations including fallow periods. We do that by exploring the correlation of model residuals. We restricted the distinction between partial and full calibration to the two most relevant calibration stages, i.e. with plant data only (partial) and with a combination of plant, soil physical and biogeochemical data (full). It introduces and evaluates the trade-off between (1) what is practical to apply for model users and beneficiaries, and (2) what constitutes best modelling practice. The lower correlations obtained overall with fully calibrated models highlight the centrality of the full calibration scenario for identifying areas of model structures that require further development.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 8
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    Chapter Visualità digitale applicata a metodologie di rilievo integrato. Sinergie collaborative tra sperimentazione e tecnologia (2022)
    FrancoAngeli
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-10
    Description: The 43rd UID conference, held in Genova, takes up the theme of ‘Dialogues’ as practice and debate on many fundamental topics in our social life, especially in these complex and not yet resolved times. The city of Genova offers the opportunity to ponder on the value of comparison and on the possibilities for the community, naturally focused on the aspects that concern us, as professors, researchers, disseminators of knowledge, or on all the possibile meanings of the discipline of representation and its dialogue with ‘others’, which we have broadly catalogued in three macro areas: History, Semiotics, Science / Technology. Therefore, “dialogue” as a profitable exchange based on a common language, without which it is impossible to comprehend and understand one another; and the graphic sign that connotes the conference is the precise transcription of this concept: the title ‘translated’ into signs, derived from the visual alphabet designed for the visual identity of the UID since 2017. There are many topics which refer to three macro sessions: - Witnessing (signs and history) - Communicating (signs and semiotics) - Experimenting (signs and sciences) Thanks to the different points of view, an exceptional resource of our disciplinary area, we want to try to outline the prevailing theoretical-operational synergies, the collaborative lines of an instrumental nature, the recent updates of the repertoires of images that attest and nourish the relations among representation, history, semiotics, sciences.
    Keywords: Discipline of representation, History, Semiotics, Science, Technology ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTE Semiotics / semiology ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science & technology on society
    Language: Italian , English
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  • 9
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    Chapter Are Caulerpa species able to settle and develop on rhodolith beds? The case study of Marine Protected Area “Capo Carbonara” (2023)
    Firenze University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: The two green algae Caulerpa taxifolia (M.Vahl) C. Agardh and Caulerpa cylindracea Sonder, (Chlorophyta; Bryopsidales) are among the most invasive alien macroalgae in the Mediterranean Sea. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and abundance of the three species on deep rhodolith bed of the Capo Carbonara Marine Protected Area MPA (Sardinia). The analysis of the collected data collected highlighted significant differences in the percent cover of the substratum among sampling sites and species with a significant presence of C. cylindracea at Santa Caterina slope
    Keywords: Rhodoliths ; Invasive species ; Caulerpa ; Macroalgae ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    The Social Organization of the Western Apache (2023)
    University of Arizona Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Presents an in-depth historical reconstruction and a detailed ethnographic account of the Western Apache culture based on firsthand observations made over a span of nearly ten years in the field The Social Organization of the Western Apache is still one of the most comprehensive descriptions of the social life of an American Indian tribe. Grenville Goodwin knew the Western Apache better than any other ethnographer who ever lived. And he wrote about them from the conviction that his knowledge was important-not only for specialists interested in the tribes of the Southwest, but for all anthropologists concerned with the structure and operation of primitive social systems.
    Keywords: Sociology ; Anthropology ; History ; American Indian Studies ; American Studies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHM Anthropology::JHMC Social and cultural anthropology ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHK History of the Americas
    Language: English
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