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  • 1
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    The strain rate and moment deficit along Indian Plate boundary: a tool for estimation of earthquake hazard (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-19
    Description: The 1252 GPS stations horizontal velocity data is used to calculate the strain rate. The interpolated scalar strain field data has generated a continuous strain map. The 10 areas displaying greater than 104 nstrain/yr are marked as seismic source zones (A to J) which show a low b-value range between 0.53 and 0.73. The zones A to F in foothill Himalaya are areas of fault interactions. The interactions take place between Tertiary Himalayan Thrusts and Proterozoic transverse faults. The older Proterozoic transverse faults are integral part of basement ridges on underthrusted rigid Indian plate, which are being reactivated during Himalayan orogenesis. Such fault interactions are also seen along Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (G) and Sagaing Fault (I) in Burmese arc, where faults from two different tectonic domains are interacting and getting activated by overall clockwise rotational mass movement around plate interface. In this study, we have computed both geodetic moment rates (Mg) and seismic moment rates (Ms) for all 10 zones; and compared them by the ratio (Mg/Ms). The geodetic strain rates are used to calculate Geodetic moment rates within a seismic volume of 15±2 Km depth. Seismic moment rates are computed from the earthquake catalogue of 100 years. From the moment deficit (i.e. the difference between Mg and Ms), the probable magnitude (Mw) of impending earthquake in 10 seismic source zones are estimated, the value ranges from 6.5 to 7.4 Mw. We infer that Zone F (Arunachal Himalaya), I (Sagaing fault), G (EHS) and A (Himachal Himalaya) are posing high seismic threat with occurrence of shallow focus 7.1 Mw earthquake at any moment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-21
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: GPS velocity ; Strain rate tensor ; Seismic source zones ; Fault interaction ; Geodetic moment ; Seismic moment ; Moment deficit ; Himalaya ; Indian Plate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Using a multi-method approach based on soil radon deficit, resistivity, and induced polarization measurements to monitor non-aqueous phase liquid contamination in two study areas in Italy and India (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-15
    Description: Geochemical and geophysical surveys employing radon deficit, resistivity, and induced polarization (IP) measurements were undertaken on soil contaminated with non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in two different sites in India and in Italy. Radon deficit, validated through the comparison with average soil radon in reference unpolluted areas, shows the extension of contamination in the upper part of the unsaturated aquifers. In site 1 (Italy), the spill is not recent. A residual film of kerosene covers soil grains, inhibiting their chargeability and reducing electrical resistivity difference with background unpolluted areas. No correlation between the two parameters is observed. Soil volatile organic compounds (VOCs) concentration is not linked with radon deficit, supporting the old age of the spillage. NAPL pollution in sites 2a and 2b (India) is more recent and probably still active, as demonstrated by higher values of electrical resistivity. A good correlation with IP values suggests that NAPL is still distributed as droplets or as a continuous phase in the pores, strengthening the scenario of a fresh spill or leakage. Residual fraction of gasoline in the pore space of sites 2a and 2b is respectively 1.5 and 11.8 kg per cubic meter of terrain. This estimation is referred to the shallower portion of the unsaturated aquifer. Electrical resistivity is still very high indicating that the gasoline has not been strongly degraded yet. Temperature and soil water content influence differently radon deficit in the three areas, reducing soil radon concentration and partly masking the deficit in sites 2a and 2b.
    Description: Published
    Description: 12515–12527
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Dark aerobic sulfide oxidation by anoxygenic phototrophs in anoxic waters (2019)
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Microbiology, 21(5), pp. 1611-1626, ISSN: 1462-2912
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-13
    Description: Anoxygenic phototrophic sulfide oxidation by green and purple sulfur bacteria (PSB) plays a key role in sulfide removal from anoxic shallow sediments and stratified waters. Although some PSB can also oxidize sulfide with nitrate and oxygen, little is known about the prevalence of this chemolithotrophic lifestyle in the environment. In this study, we investigated the role of these phototrophs in light‐independent sulfide removal in the chemocline of Lake Cadagno. Our temporally resolved, high‐resolution chemical profiles indicated that dark sulfide oxidation was coupled to high oxygen consumption rates of ~9 μM O2·h−1. Single‐cell analyses of lake water incubated with 13CO2 in the dark revealed that Chromatium okenii was to a large extent responsible for aerobic sulfide oxidation and it accounted for up to 40% of total dark carbon fixation. The genome of Chr. okenii reconstructed from the Lake Cadagno metagenome confirms its capacity for microaerophilic growth and provides further insights into its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, our genomic and single‐cell data indicated that other PSB grow microaerobically in these apparently anoxic waters. Altogether, our observations suggest that aerobic respiration may not only play an underappreciated role in anoxic environments but also that organisms typically considered strict anaerobes may be involved.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 4
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    Estimation of earthquake hazard in the source zones along Indian plate boundary from GPS velocity derived strain rate and moment deficit (2019)
    EGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-04
    Description: The strain rate tensor across the Indian Plate boundary in Himalaya and part of north Burmese arc is calculated from the horizontal velocities of 1252 GPS stations and represented as continuous strain rate map. From the interpolated scalar strain field data, the areas displaying greater than 104 nstrain/yr are marked as 10 seismic source zones. The low b-values (0.53 to 0.73) and related seismo-tectonics indicate compressive nature of these zones. The high strain zones marked in the foothill Himalaya are areas of fault interactions between Himalayan Thrusts of Tertiary age with transverse older Proterozoic reactivated faults (an integral part of basement ridges on under-thrusted rigid Indian plate). Fault interaction is also prominent in EHS area and in Sagaing Fault, where faults from two different tectonic domains are interacting and getting activated by overall clockwise rotational mass movement around plate interface. For calculating seismic vulnerability, we have computed the geodetic moment rates from the measured geodetic strain rates by empirical formula within 15±2 Km seismic volume in these zones, and compared geodetic with seismic moment rate from earthquake catalogue of 100 years. From the moment deficit, the estimated magnitude of earthquake in 10 seismic source zones are calculated which ranges from 6.5 to 7.4. Our analysis evidences that the Arunachal Himalaya, Sagaing fault, EHS and Himachal Himalaya are posing high seismic threat with possible occurrence of shallow focus 7.1 Mw earthquake.
    Description: Published
    Description: Vienna
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Keywords: Indian plate ; strain rate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Poster session
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  • 5
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    Reconstructed pCO2 data from tree ring cellulose d13C during 1902-2005 at 10 sites in the Tropics and Northern Subtropics (2012)
    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
    Format: text/plain
    Format: text/plain
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  • 6
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    Preliminary observations on the effect of a. c. current on Catla catla and Ophicephalus punctatus (2021)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/16224 | 12051 | 2015-02-12 15:29:29 | 16224 | Society of Fisheries Technologists, India
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: In order to evolve suitable electrical fishing gear for inland waters, preliminary experiments have been conducted to observe effect of a. c. currents on Catla catla at voltages of 30, 90 and 120, pH 7.3 and 8.4, temperature 48°F, 78°F and 105°F, distance between electrodes 25 cm, 50 cm and 75 cm, size range of fish 100 mm, to 235 mm. Apparatus used was a 5 kw; a. c. 60 cycles generator with resistance control. Larger sizes of fish were more prone to electric shock. Higher temperature increases the intensity of the shock, while variation of pH between 7.3 to 8.4 did not materially affect the intensity of the shock. Fishing with a mixed population of Catla catla and Ophicephalus punctatus gave a greater percentage of mortality for the latter.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; electrical fishing ; alternating current ; fishing gears ; inland areas ; Catla catla ; Ophicephalus punctatus
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 10-20
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  • 7
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    Representing the function and sensitivity of coastal interfaces in earth system models (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ward, N. D., Megonigal, J. P., Bond-Lamberty, B., Bailey, V. L., Butman, D., Canuel, E. A., Diefenderfer, H., Ganju, N. K., Goni, M. A., Graham, E. B., Hopkinson, C. S., Khangaonkar, T., Langley, J. A., McDowell, N. G., Myers-Pigg, A. N., Neumann, R. B., Osburn, C. L., Price, R. M., Rowland, J., Sengupta, A., Simard, M., Thornton, P. E., Tzortziou, M., Vargas, R., Weisenhorn, P. B., & Windham-Myers, L. Representing the function and sensitivity of coastal interfaces in earth system models. Nature Communications, 11(1), (2020): 2458, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16236-2.
    Description: Between the land and ocean, diverse coastal ecosystems transform, store, and transport material. Across these interfaces, the dynamic exchange of energy and matter is driven by hydrological and hydrodynamic processes such as river and groundwater discharge, tides, waves, and storms. These dynamics regulate ecosystem functions and Earth’s climate, yet global models lack representation of coastal processes and related feedbacks, impeding their predictions of coastal and global responses to change. Here, we assess existing coastal monitoring networks and regional models, existing challenges in these efforts, and recommend a path towards development of global models that more robustly reflect the coastal interface.
    Description: Funding for this work was provided by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Laboratory Directed Research & Development (LDRD) as part of the Predicting Ecosystem Resilience through Multiscale Integrative Science (PREMIS) Initiative. PNNL is operated by Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830. Additional support to J.P.M. was provided by the NSF-LTREB program (DEB-0950080, DEB-1457100, DEB-1557009), DOE-TES Program (DE-SC0008339), and the Smithsonian Institution. This manuscript was motivated by discussions held by co-authors during a three-day workshop at PNNL in Richland, WA: The System for Terrestrial Aquatic Research (STAR) Workshop: Terrestrial-Aquatic Research in Coastal Systems. The authors thank PNNL artist Nathan Johnson for preparing the figures in this manuscript and Terry Clark, Dr. Charlette Geffen, and Dr. Nancy Hess for their aid in organizing the STAR workshop. The authors thank all workshop participants not listed as authors for their valuable insight: Lihini Aluwihare (contributed to biogeochemistry discussions and development of concept for Fig. 3), Gautam Bisht (contributed to modeling discussion), Emmett Duffy (contributed to observational network discussions), Yilin Fang (contributed to modeling discussion), Jeremy Jones (contributed to biogeochemistry discussions), Roser Matamala (contributed to biogeochemistry discussions), James Morris (contributed to biogeochemistry discussions), Robert Twilley (contributed to biogeochemistry discussions), and Jesse Vance (contributed to observational network discussions). A full report on the workshop discussions can be found at https://www.pnnl.gov/publications/star-workshop-terrestrial-aquatic-research-coastal-systems.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 8
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    Introduction to the special issue on the Bay of Bengal : from monsoons to mixing (2016)
    The Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 29, no. 2 (2016): 14–17, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2016.34.
    Description: The Bay of Bengal has a surprisingly large influence on the world. It nurtures the South Asian summer monsoon, a tremendous ocean-atmosphere-land phenomenon that delivers freshwater to more than a third of the human population on this planet. During summer, southwesterly winds gather moisture from the ocean and carry it deep inland over the Indian subcontinent, bringing welcome rains to a parched land. During winter, the winds reverse to northeasterly, and the ocean circulation responds by dispersing the terrestrial freshwater runoff concentrated in the northern part of the bay. This freshwater impacts the ocean’s structure, circulation, and biogeochemistry in numerous ways and, through modification of sea surface temperature, feeds back to influence air-sea fluxes. Because the atmosphere obtains its moisture and heat for convection from the ocean, the interplay between ocean and atmosphere is crucial for the development and sustenance of the monsoon.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
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    A tale of two spicy seas (2016)
    The Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 29, no. 2 (2016): 50–61, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2016.38.
    Description: Upper-ocean turbulent heat fluxes in the Bay of Bengal and the Arctic Ocean drive regional monsoons and sea ice melt, respectively, important issues of societal interest. In both cases, accurate prediction of these heat transports depends on proper representation of the small-scale structure of vertical stratification, which in turn is created by a host of complex submesoscale processes. Though half a world apart and having dramatically different temperatures, there are surprising similarities between the two: both have (1) very fresh surface layers that are largely decoupled from the ocean below by a sharp halocline barrier, (2) evidence of interleaving lateral and vertical gradients that set upper-ocean stratification, and (3) vertical turbulent heat fluxes within the upper ocean that respond sensitively to these structures. However, there are clear differences in each ocean’s horizontal scales of variability, suggesting that despite similar background states, the sharpening and evolution of mesoscale gradients at convergence zones plays out quite differently. Here, we conduct a qualitative and statistical comparison of these two seas, with the goal of bringing to light fundamental underlying dynamics that will hopefully improve the accuracy of forecast models in both parts of the world.
    Description: We gratefully acknowledge support from the Office of Naval Research, the National Science Foundation, and the Ocean Mixing and Monsoon (OMM) program of the Monsoon Mission of India.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    Quasi-biweekly mode of the Asian summer monsoon revealed in Bay of Bengal surface observations (2021)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 125(12),(2020): e2020JC016271, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016271.
    Description: Asian summer monsoon has a planetary‐scale, westward propagating “quasi‐biweekly” mode of variability with a 10–25 day period. Six years of moored observations at 18°N, 89.5°E in the north Bay of Bengal (BoB) reveal distinct quasi‐biweekly variability in sea surface salinity (SSS) during summer and autumn, with peak‐to‐peak amplitude of 3–8 psu. This large‐amplitude SSS variability is not due to variations of surface freshwater flux or river runoff. We show from the moored data, satellite SSS, and reanalyses that surface winds associated with the quasi‐biweekly monsoon mode and embedded weather‐scale systems, drive SSS and coastal sea level variability in 2015 summer monsoon. When winds are calm, geostrophic currents associated with mesoscale ocean eddies transport Ganga‐Brahmaputra‐Meghna river water southward to the mooring, salinity falls, and the ocean mixed layer shallows to 1–10 m. During active (cloudy, windy) spells of quasi‐biweekly monsoon mode, directly wind‐forced surface currents carry river water away to the east and north, leading to increased salinity at the moorings, and rise of sea level by 0.1–0.5 m along the eastern and northern boundary of the bay. During July–August 2015, a shallow pool of low‐salinity river water lies in the northeastern bay. The amplitude of a 20‐day oscillation of sea surface temperature (SST) is two times larger within the fresh pool than in the saltier ocean to the west, although surface heat flux is nearly identical in the two regions. This is direct evidence that spatial‐temporal variations of BoB salinity influences sub‐seasonal SST variations, and possibly SST‐mediated monsoon air‐sea interaction.
    Description: The authors thank the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) institutes NIOT and INCOIS, and the Upper Ocean Processes (UOP) group at WHOI for design, integration, and deployment of moorings in the BoB. The WHOI mooring was deployed from the ORV Sagar Nidhi and recovered from the ORV Sagar Kanya—we thank the officers, crew and science teams on the cruises for their support. Sengupta, Ravichandran and Sukhatme acknowledge MoES and the National Monsoon Mission, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, for support; Lucas and Farrar acknowledge the US Office of Naval Research for support of ASIRI through grants N00014‐13‐1‐0489, N0001413‐100453, N0001417‐12880. We thank S. Shivaprasad, Dipanjan Chaudhuri and Jared Buckley for discussion on ocean currents and Ekman flow, and Fabien Durand for discussion on sea level. JSL would like to thank the Divecha Center for Climate Change, IISc., for support. DS acknowledges support from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi, under the Indo‐Spanish Programme.
    Description: 2021-05-16
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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