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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of Sediment Toxicity Using Different Trophic Organisms (1997)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 32 (1997), S. 260-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The main aim of the present project is to study the feasibility of using different trophic organisms for evaluating the toxicity of dredged sediments arising in Hong Kong. A total of eight sediment samples (duplicate samples collected from four selected sites: Kowloon Bay, Tsing Yi, Chek Lap Kok, and Double Haven) of Hong Kong coastal waters were analyzed for the total concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn, total organic carbon, acid volatile sulfides, simultaneously extracted metals, redox potential, and 12 organic micropollutants. The sediment elutriates were also analysed for the various metal concentrations, as well as contents of ammonia-N, nitrate, total sulfide, sulfate, and total organic carbon. Elutriate Sediment Toxicity Tests (ESTT) were also conducted, using two microalgae (Skeletonema costatum, a diatom and Dunaliella tertiolecta, a flagellate), juvenile shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis) and juvenile fish (Trachinotus obtaus). Two commercially available tests using bacteria (Microtox Test and Toxi-Chromotest) also were employed to test both the solid phase and elutriates of the sediments. The results of Microtox test on the solid phase, and bioassay tests using diatom on the sediment elutriate, especially the former, were correlated significantly (p 〈 0.05) with a number of physico-chemical properties of sediments and elutriates. It is recommended that a combination of a liquid-phase bioassay using diatom and a solid-phase bioassay using Microtox test should be used for screening a large number of sediment samples. However, the presence of ammonia in the sediments containing a high content of organic matter seemed to interfere the detection of contamination impacts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900183
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three Digestion Methods to Determine Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Pb, Cr, Mn, and Fe in Mangrove Sediments from Sai Keng, Chek Keng, and Sha Tau Kok, Hong Kong (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 62 (1999), S. 708-716 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900931
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mangrove soils as sinks for wastewater-borne pollutants (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 295 (1995), S. 231-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mangrove ; soil/sediment ; wastewater ; sink ; nutrients ; heavy metal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Soil column leaching experiments were conducted to assess the retention of nutrients and heavy metals in two types of mangrove soils receiving strong wastewater throughout a period of 5 months. NH4 +-N was the dominant form of nitrogen, nitrite and nitrate were in relatively low concentrations in all leachate collected. The concentrations of NH4 +-N in leachate collected from columns packed with Sai Keng of Hong Kong mangrove soil were higher than those packed with soils collected from Shenzhen of China. The leachate NH4 +-N contents of Shenzhen columns were significantly lower than that of the synthetic wastewater even at the end of the experimental period, indicating Shenzhen soils had very high capacity to bind nitrogen, and the amount of ammonium added from wastewater did not exceed the binding capacity of mangrove soil. The data also suggest that soils collected from Shenzhen mangrove swamp had higher capacity in retaining wastewater nitrogen than the Sai Keng soils. In contrast, leachate from Sai Keng columns had significantly lower ortho-P contents than those from Shenzhen columns. Actually, the leachate P concentrations of the Sai Keng columns treated with wastewater were similar to those receiving seawater (〈 0.1 mg l−). This finding implies Sai Keng soils were very effective in retaining wastewater P. Throughout the experiment, most heavy metals, including Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni and Cr were not detected in all leachate samples by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, indicating that both types of mangrove soils were capable of trapping wastewater-borne heavy metals. The study demonstrates that mangrove soils were good traps to immobilize wastewater-borne phosphorus and heavy metals but they were less efficient in retaining nitrogen from wastewater.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029130
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of wastewater discharge on nutrient contamination of mangrove soils and plants (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 295 (1995), S. 243-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mangrove ; soil/sediment ; plant ; wastewater ; sink ; nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ecological impact of sewage discharges to a mangrove wetland in Futian National Nature Reserve, the People's Republic of China was assessed by comparing the plant community, plant growth and nutrient status of soils and vegetation of a site treated with settled municipal wastewater (Site A) with those of a control adjacent site (Site B) which did not receive sewage. During the one year study, the total and available N and P, and organic carbon concentrations of mangrove soils in Site A did not significantly differ from those of Site B. In both sites, the soil organic C, total N, NH4 }-N and total P content exhibited a descending trend from landward to seaward regions, with the lowest measurements obtained from the most foreshore location. Seasonal variation in N content of soil samples was more obvious than any difference between wastewater treated and the control sites. The soil N content was lower in spring and summer. This was attributed to the higher temperature in these seasons which facilitated degradation of organic matter and absorption of nitrogen by the plants for growth. No significant difference in plant community structure, plant growth (in terms of tree height and diameter) and biomass was found between Sites A and B. Leaf samples of the two dominant plant species, Kandelia candel and Aegiceras corniculatum collected from Site A had comparable content of organic carbon, N, P and K to those Site B. These preliminary results indicated that the discharge of a total volume of 2600 m3 municipal wastewater to an area of 1800 m2 mangrove plants over the period of a year did not produce any apparent impact on growth of the plants. The soils and plant leaves of Site A were not contaminated, in terms of nutrient content, by the discharged sewage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029131
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Benthic macrofauna of the mangrove swamp treated with municipal wastewater (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 347 (1997), S. 127-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: benthic macrofauna ; community structure ; mangrovestreatment ; municipal wastewater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Benthic macrofauna and possible effects on community structureofdischarging municipal wastewater to Futian National MangroveReserve, the People‘s Republic of China, were investigated.Eighty-four species of ground-dwelling fauna belonging to 7Phyla,9 Classes, 46 Families and 65 Genera were identified. Abundantfamilies were Assimineidae, Melanidae, Potamididae,Ocypodidae,Grapsidae and Periophthalmidae. Between April 1991 to January1993,no obvious seasonal fluctuation in species compositionoccurred.Total biomass also remained unchanged. However, total densityshowed peaks in January and July (both in section A and B),probably due to the molluscs.A selected site of the mangroves was treated with municipalwastewater (60 m3 per week for 16 consecutive months). Incomparison to a control site, the effect of wastewaterdischarge ontotal mean biomass and density (particularly of molluscs andcrustaceans) appeared non-significant P?0.05). Thecommunity structure remained unchanged although some saprobicspecies emerged and total biomass in the area close to thewastewater front increased slightly. Multivariate analysisindicated that there probably was an initial inhibition periodanda subsequent recovery period for benthic fauna in response tothedischarged wastewater in the mangrove swamp.The study confirms that the benthic macrofauna withinmangroves islow in species diversity and high in population counts incomparison with a frontal mudflat. Longitudinal zonation ofthefauna from landward to seaward will also bediscussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003027520750
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mangrove wetlands as wastewater treatment facility: a field trial (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 352 (1997), S. 49-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mangrove ; treatment ; sewage ; plant ; sediment ; wetland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field work has been conducted in a 300-hectare natural mangrove intertidal wetlands in Shenzhen, a newly developed city in southern China, to study the feasibility of using mangrove wetlands as a sewage treatment facility. The present paper reports the results obtained in the recent year, between December1994 and December 1995. Two parallel elongated sites(Sites A & B, each 180 m × 10 m) extending from land to sea were chosen for study. Since September 1991,Site A has received settled municipal sewage three times a week during the low ebb tide period when sediments at landward regions were dry. The hydraulic loading was 20 m3 per discharge and wastewater was soaked into the sediments within 50 m of the discharge points before the next incoming tide. Site B served as a control. Over the past months in 1994and 1995, surface sediments and plant leaves were collected at identified locations in two sites at every six month intervals. The impact of sewage on mangrove plant growth was assessed by monitoring plant height, diameter and number of trees using the fixed plot technique. The plant density, stem diameter and tree height of two dominant mangrove species, Kandelia candel and Aegiceras corniculatum, found in Site A were comparable with those of Site B. No significant difference was detected between two sites in terms of plant growth and death rates. These results indicate that sewage discharge over a period of about two years did not exhibit any apparent effect on plant growth. The nutrient and organic matter concentrations of surface sediments in Site A were also not significantly different from those found in Site B, except at the very landward regions (2 to 40 m away from landwards). The nutrient concentrations of sediments collected in sampling locations near the discharge points of Site A were however significantly higher than that of the control. In both sites, the organic C, total N and P, NH4 +-N and NO3 −-N concentrations in the surface sediments exhibited a descending trend from landwards to seaward regions, with notably higher values found in the landward locations. Seasonal variation in NH4 +-N content was obvious, and more ammonium nitrogen was recorded in July than in December. Leaf samples of the two dominant plant species collected from Site A had similar total N and organic C concentrations as those from Site B. These findings suggest that mangrove intertidal wetlands are of great potential for natural wastewater treatment,and are unlikely to produce any harmful effect on the higher plant communities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003040920173
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Root and shoot elongation as an assessment of heavy metal toxicity and ‘Zn Equivalent Value’ of edible crops (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 188-189 (1989), S. 377-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seed development ; edible crops ; root growth inhibition ; heavy metal toxicity ; Zinc Equivalent Value
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seeds of thirteen edible plant species were tested for their response to heavy metals during their early development. It was found that a short-term root elongation test of six days could be used to evaluate the degree of toxicity of aqueous samples containing heavy metals. Shoot elongation was found to be less sensitive to metals than root elongation. The seeds were sown in pots containing freshwater sand to which known concentrations of metal solutions were added. The relative toxicity of the three metals, copper, nickel and zinc, followed the pattern of Ni 〉 Cu 〉 Zn. Results on the relative toxicity of Zn : Cu: Ni to various plant species indicated that the ratios were species-specific. The Zn equivalent concept of Zn : Cu : Ni = 1 : 2 : 8 could not be applied to all the plant species tested. The root growth of seeds of Brassica parachinensis (flowering Chinese cabbage) placed on filter papers in petri dishes to which metal solutions were added were tested. The sensitivity ranking of the metals tested was found to be as follows: Ni 〉 Cd 〉 Cu 〉 Al 〉 Fe 〉 Zn 〉 Pb 〉 Mn 〉 Ag. There was no significant difference (p 〉 0.05) in percentage reduction in root elongation among the four different repeated trials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027803
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Community structure and standing crop biomass of a mangrove forest in Futian Nature Reserve, Shenzhen, China (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 295 (1995), S. 193-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mangrove forest ; standing crop biomass ; community structure ; allometric regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The community structure and standing crop biomass of a mangrove forest in Futian Nature Reserve, Shenzhen, the People's Republic of China was studied. This mangrove, located towards the northern latitudinal limit of the mangrove development (22°N), had relatively simple structure and low diversity (the Shannon-Wiener index was 0.78). The three dominant species, namely Aegiceras corniculatum, Kandelia candel and Avicennia marina, possess importance values of 72, 19 and 9%, respectively. The average height of the mangrove community was 4.5 m with no vertical stratification. The values of tree density of A. corniculatum and A. marina were found to be 5290 and 260 ha−1, respectively. The biomass of both A. corniculatum and K. candel was best estimated from regression equations using a combination of height and diameter at breast height as the independent variables. For Avicennia marina, there was no simple correlation between biomass and height or diameter. The regression models suggested by previous workers did not give satisfactory estimation of biomass of A. marina in this mangrove forest. The total biomass of this mangrove forest was 12.1 kg m−2, with 73% of such production contributed by A. corniculatum and 8% by A. marina. Because of its small percentage, the inaccuracy in estimating biomass of A. marina did not affect the overall determination of biomass of the whole community. Average above-ground biomass was 8.7 kg m−2 (72% of the total biomass) and the major components were aerial woody tissues, stems and branches. The root:shoot ratio of this plant community was 0.4:1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029126
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrients and heavy metal contamination of plants and sediments in Futian mangrove forest (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 295 (1995), S. 149-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An ecological survey was carried out to determine the levels of nutrients and heavy metals in the sediments and leaf tissues of two dominant mangrove plant species, Kandelia candel and Aegiceras corniculatum, in Futian mangrove forest, Shenzhen, the People's Republic of China. The spatial and seasonal variations of these elements were also investigated. The results show that there was no major difference between two sampling sites 150 m apart. In both sites, the sediment concentrations of total and NH4 +-N, total and extractable P, total and extractable K, total organic carbon were consistently higher in the landward locations and decreased gradually towards the sea. The sediment sample collected at the seaward edge of the mangrove plant community had the lowest levels of nutrient and organic matter. The vertical variations (from the land to the sea) of sediment heavy metals were less obvious and no particular trend could be identified. Extremely high contents of Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr and Zn were found at certain locations, suggesting the occurrence of some local contamination. The mean total metal concentrations in sediments decreased in the order Mn 〉 Zn 〉 Cu 〉 Cr = Pb 〉 Cd for the sample locations. Most of the heavy metals were not in a bioavailable form as the concentrations of extractable metals were relatively low (〈 1% of total metals). Pb, Cr and Cd were not detected in leaf samples. Leaf C, N, P and K contents were similar between the two species and no significant difference was found among locations, although A. corniculatum seemed to have lower Mn concentrations than K. candel. With reference to temporal variations, no significant difference in sediment concentrations of some nutrients and metals was found between the spring and autumn seasons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029122
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of synthethic waster on young Kandelia candel plants growing under greenhouse conditions (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 295 (1995), S. 263-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Mangrove ; Kandelia candel ; seedling ; growth ; wastewater ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment wad performed to evaluate the effects of synthethic wastewater in three different strengths, NW, MW and CW, on the growth of the one-year old Kandelia candel (L.) Druce plants. NW had the characteristics and strength similar to natural municipal wastewater while MW and CW contained five and ten times of the nutrients and heavy metals in NW, respectively. Artificial seawater was used as the control. During one year wastewater treatment experiment, Kandelia were found to withstand wastewater of high strength and toxic symptoms were not detected in all plants. Synthethic wastewater with strength similar to the natural municipal sewage (NW) stimulated plant growth. The plants treated with NW had significantly higher aerial and root biomass, taller stem than those found in the CW, MW and the control. Maximum growth, in terms of both stem height and total biomass, of all plants occured in summer months, from June to September. With respect to the physiological and biochemical activities, CW and MW treated plants had significantly lower levels of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyl and catalase activity than those found in NW and control groups. In contrast, the proline content of plants treated with wastewater was similar to that of the control. These result suggest that normal wastewater (NW), attributed to its nutrients and trace elements, enhanced plant growth. The medium (MW) and concentrated wastewater (CW) supported similar amount of plant growth as the control but the physiological and biochemical parametes indicate that these treated plants might have been exposed to some kind of stress, probably due to the heavy metals present in MW and CW.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029133
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