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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 64 (1994), S. 933-935 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A novel approach is presented to predict the shock wave velocity as well as the shock wave pressure in powder materials. It is shown that the influence of the specific volume behind the shock wave on shock wave velocity and shock pressure decreases with decreasing initial powder density. The new model is compared with experimental data of various materials: Fe, Cu, Al, C, UO2, Ce2O3, SiO2 (quartz), NaCl, and polystyrene. It is concluded that the model holds in particular for initial powder densities less than 50% and for flyer plate velocities up to 5 km/s.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 3467-3478 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Amorphous Si layers were grown by krypton plasma sputter deposition at 310 °C. By pulsation of the substrate potential between 0 and 50 eV, the Kr concentration in the layers could be varied to a maximum of 5.5 at. %. A model which describes trapping of inert gas atoms in the sputtered layer in terms of implantation and trapping, diffusion, growth, resputtering, and gas sputtering is presented. High-resolution electron microscopy, electrode-probe (x-ray) microanalysis, positron annihilation, Raman spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and bending and hardness measurements were performed on the deposited layers. It turns out that the ion assisted growth leads to a strong reduction of open volume defects. The experiments point to the presence of very small Kr agglomerates. From the Mössbauer experiments a lower limit of 250 K for the Debye temperature of the Kr agglomerates is derived. Molecular-dynamic simulations from which the Debye temperatures of Kr mono-, di-, and trimers in amorphous Si can be derived are presented. The simulations indicate the presence of predominantly Kr monomers and dimers. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 53 (1988), S. 663-665 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In general, neon implantation is not very effective in reducing wear rates. However, neon implantation into laser-melted steel turns out to reduce the wear rate substantially as a result of a conversion of residual tensile stresses into compressive ones. Nitrogen implantation, on the other hand, at a high dose of 3×1017 ions/cm2 at 90 °C exhibits a deleterious effect on the wear performance. A brittle layer of ε-Fe2(C,N)1−x nitrides is formed. At a lower dose of 1×1017/cm2 or implantation of nitrogen at 150 °C, the wear rate is also reduced.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 623-632 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This paper presents a detailed analysis of high-load friction atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of layered structures in terms of a discrete stick-slip model. It turned out that based on a geometric approach, the characteristics of slip behavior can be linked to the cantilever/sample spring anisotropy. In particular, the use of polar scans is emphasized to analyze and to quantify these characteristics. The measured stiffness as derived from the slip behavior is in correspondence with the stiffness inferred from static friction. It is concluded that the combined stiffness of substrate and cantilever is constant during an AFM scan in a given direction, which supports the simple stick-slip model. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 203-209 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: For powder materials a model is proposed to predict the mean temperature behind the shock wave, the ratio between the increase of thermal energy and increase of total internal energy, as well as the mean final temperature after release of adiabatic pressure. Further, the change of pressure, specific volume, and the internal energy behind the shock wave are calculated together with the shock-wave velocity. All these variables are supposed to depend exclusively on flyer plate velocity, initial powder density, and initial powder temperature. The ratio between the increase of thermal energy and increase of total internal energy decreases rapidly upon decreasing initial powder density, resulting in a higher shock temperature and a lower shock pressure; therefore, a lower initial powder density results in a better bonding between the particles and fewer cracks after pressure release. Calculations are carried out for copper and agree fairly well with experiments.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 809-813 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A model is proposed to predict the following quantities for powder materials compacted by shock waves: the pressure, the specific volume, the internal energy behind the shock wave, and the shock-wave velocity Us. They are calculated as a function of flyerplate velocity up and initial powder specific volume V00. The model is tested on Cu, Al2024, and Fe. Calculated Us vs up curves agree well with experiments provided V00 is smaller than about two times the solid specific volume. The model can be used to predict shock-wave state points of powder or solid material with a lower or higher initial temperature than room temperature.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 68 (1997), S. 4492-4497 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have designed, constructed, and tested a three-point bending system for in situ studies of slip in ionic crystals with an atomic force microscope (AFM). The work is aimed at developing a novel instrumental attachment for an in situ study of plastic deformation. The bending system is installed inside the optical head of the AFM on top of the piezoelectric scanner. Since the bending should not obstruct scanning, a piezocrystal is used for bending as well as an external stepper motor, which is connected with a screw in the bending system via a flexible shaft. The bending system performs over a relatively wide, continuous deflection range. The operation of the three-point bending system is illustrated by experiments on an ionic material in which the effect of macroscopic bending is demonstrated at an atomic scale. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 3381-3387 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The relationship between microstructure and giant magnetoresistance (GMR) of granular Au80Co20 was investigated. Two different processing routes were explored. With the melt spinning technique the microstructure appeared to be so coarse that it was not expected to exhibit any substantial GMR effect. On the other hand, with the procedure of solid-solution annealing and water quenching afterwards, a suitable nanostructure was prepared that showed a GMR of 29% at 10 K and 50 kOe. Subsequent annealing causes coarsening of Co particles. In additional spinodal decomposition occurred for a certain temperature range and a loss of coherency of the Co particles with respect to the Au was observed with high-resolution transmission energy microscopy. At magnetic fields above ∼20 kOe, all annealed alloys showed a saturating magnetization, whereas the resistance is still steadily decreasing, challenging the presumed mathematical relationship between GMR and overall magnetization. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 3661-3669 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Two tools for the analysis of facets as detected by scanning-probe microscopy (SPM) images are proposed. One tool is an adaptation of the radial-histogram transform proposed by D. Schleef et al. in Phys. Rev. B. 55, 2535 (1997). In this article the local slopes in the SPM image are in the present version determined by Savitsky–Golay filters with variable lengths [A. Savitsky and M. J. E. Golay, Anal. Chem. 36, 1627 (1964)]. These variable length filters turn out to be important to suppress the influence of noise obscuring the possibility to detect facets and to analyze corrugations with different length scales in SPM images, e.g., surface reconstructions. The other tool allows the direct quantitative determination of the orientation (with a standard deviation) of user-specified parts of facets. It makes use of a Savitsky–Golay filter as well. Both tools were applied to an artificially constructed SPM image and several experimental SFM images showing (ionic) MnO precipitates protruding out of a (metallic) Cu surface. It is shown that the Miller indices of the facets can be derived experimentally. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 6130-6134 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We investigate the influence of roughness at a nanometer scale on the thermal properties of thin films. It is shown that the roughness causes an increase of the thermal capacitance. For mound rough surfaces the increase of the thermal capacitance depends strongly on the relative magnitude of the average mound separation λ and the system correlation length ζ. Indeed, a rather complex behavior develops for ζ〉λ, while for ζ〈λ a smooth decrease of the capacitance as a function of the average mound separation λ takes place. Finally, the roughness strongly affects the thermal capacitance as a function of the film thickness as long as ζ〈λ, while a precise determination of the actual effect requires a more-detailed knowledge of the thickness dependence of the involved roughness parameters during film growth. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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