ALBERT

Description: The diatom valves were counted at magnifications of 1000 times; at least 400 valves were counted per sample. Percentages are based on the total diatom sum. The samples with poor diatom preservation (〈100 diatom valves) were only used for estimation of the diatom abundance, while were not used for the discussions of diatom percentages.

Description: The abundance of iron and manganese were detected by using non-destructive X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) scanning technique. Continuous downcore measurements of element variations were performed in the ITRAX XRF Core Scanner Laboratory, Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University. All U-channels were scanned by using the 3 kW Mo source and were analyzed at 30 kV/24 mA, 2 mm resolution with a exposure time of 30 s. The count value of each element was calculated from element peak areas of original XRF spectra by the Q-Spec software provided by COX Analytical Systems.

Description: Magnetic measurements of U-channel samples were measured by the Bartington MS2 magnetic susceptibility system with an ASC auto-tracking rail and a cryogenic magnetometer (2G 755 SRM) in the shielding room of the paleomagnetic laboratory at the Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. The Anhysteretic Remanent Magnetization (ARM) was applied with a DC bias field of 1 Gauss under a 100 mT alternating field. All U-channel measurements are within 1 cm interval.

Description: Okhotsk Sea connects the high latitude Asian continent and North Pacific which plays an important role in modern and long-term glacial–interglacial climate changes linked to subarctic terrestrial and marine systems. On the basis of the marine sediment core MD01-2414 (53°11.77′N, 149°34.80′E, water depth: 1,123 m) taken in the central Okhotsk Sea, we here improve the pre-existing magnetostratigraphy by proposing a new age model, and reconstruct both the terrigenous transport and paleoceanographic variations during the past 1550 thousand years ago (ka). Seventeen geomagnetic excursions are identified from the paleomagnetic directional record. Close to the bottom of the core, an excursion was observed, which is proposed to be the Gilsa event at ~1550 ka. During glacial periods, our records reveal a wide extension of sea ice coverage and low marine productivity. We observed ice-rafted debris from mountain icebergs composed of coarse and high magnetic terrigenous detritus which were transported from the Kamchatka Peninsula to the central Okhotsk basin. Still during glacial periods, the initiation (i.e., at ~900 ka) of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition marks the change to even lower marine productivity, suggesting that sea-ice coverage became larger after this event. During interglacial periods, the sea-ice was either inexistent or at best seasonal in the central Okhotsk Sea; resulting in high marine productivity. The weaker formation of Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Water, lower ventilation, and microbial degradation of organic matter depleted the oxygen concentration in the bottom water and created a reduced environment condition in the sea basin. The freshwater supplied by snow or glacier melting from Siberia and Kamchatka delivered fine grain sediments to Okhotsk Sea. During the super-interglacial periods after the Mid-Brunhes Transition (i.e., Marine Isotope Stages 1, 5e, 9, and 11), strong freshwater discharged from Amur River drainage area associated with active East Asian Summer Monsoon, this phenomenon enhanced the input of fine-grained terrigenous detritus to the central Okhotsk Sea.